How did Mongol commanders communicate with troops during a battle?

Mongol commanders directed the movements and maneuvers of their troops during battle primarily through the use of signals and a well-organized messenger service.1

These communication methods were essential to the success of the Mongol military, which relied on superior strategy and tactics rather than sheer numerical strength. By maintaining effective communication, commanders were able to coordinate their highly mobile cavalry forces, allowing them to disorganize enemy ranks with bows and arrows before engaging in close-quarters combat. This command structure was further supported by a bureaucratic organization, where officers were appointed based on efficiency and merit rather than hereditary rank, ensuring that orders were executed reliably across the army.12