How did Cuba gain independence from Spain?

Cuba’s path to independence from Spain was a protracted struggle characterized by multiple uprisings and culminating in the Spanish-American War.21

The movement began with the Ten Years’ War (1868–1878), initiated by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes to protest Spanish corruption and lack of political representation. Although this conflict and the subsequent La Guerra Chiquita (1879–1880) failed to secure independence, they weakened Spanish control.21

In 1895, José Martí organized a new revolution. Revolutionary leaders Máximo Gómez and Antonio Maceo successfully employed guerrilla tactics, gaining control of much of the countryside. The Spanish response, led by Gen. Valeriano Weyler, involved brutal "reconcentration" camps that drew international attention.21

Following the sinking of the USS Maine in 1898, the United States intervened. Spain withdrew following the Treaty of Paris, and the Republic of Cuba was established in 1902, though its sovereignty was initially limited by the Platt Amendment.23