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Caspian Sea: References & Edit History
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Additional Reading
A.N. Kosarev and E.A. Yablonskaya, The Caspian Sea (1994); and Andrey G. Kostianoy and Aleksey N. Kosarev (eds.), The Caspian Sea Environment (2005, reissued 2011), provide overviews of the sea. A useful map of the Caspian region is National Geographic Society, Caspian Region: Promise and Peril (1999). A review of scientific, environmental, and political issues includes Iwao Kobori and Michael H. Glantz (eds.), Central Eurasian Water Crisis: Caspian, Aral, and Dead Seas (1998); and Michael H. Glantz and Igor S. Zonn, Scientific, Environmental, and Political Issues in the Circum-Caspian Region (1997). Russian scientific treatments include A.N. Kosarev, Gidrologiia Kaspiĭskogo i Aral’skogo moreĭ (1975), a study of the hydrology of the Caspian and Aral seas; S.S. Baĭdin and A.N. Kosarev (eds.), Kaspiĭskoe more: gidrologiia i gidrokhimiia (1986), an analysis of hydrology and chemistry of the Caspian Sea; and N.A. Krylov (ed.), Kaspiĭskoe more: geologiia i neftegazonosnost’ (1987), a survey of submarine geology focusing on the Caspian gas and oil resources. English-language research findings on the sea include V.A. Vronskiy, “The Holocene Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of the Caspian Sea,” International Geology Review, 29(1):14–24 (1987); Yu.A. Karpychev, “Fluctuations of the Caspian Sea Level as an Indicator of Global Climatic Changes,” Nuclear Geophysics, 4(1):57–70 (1990); and Pinar O. Yilmaz and Gary H. Isaksen (eds.), Oil and Gas of the Greater Caspian Area (2007).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
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Oleg Konstantinovich Leontiev
Professor and Head, Department of Geomorphology, Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University.
- Aleksey Nilovich Kosarev
- Lewis Owen
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
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Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Invalidated site: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute - The Caspian Sea: threats to its biological resources and environmental security. | Sep 30, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: IOPscience - Vulnerability of the Caspian Sea shoreline to changes in hydrology and climate. | Jan 31, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: UNEP DHI Partnership Centre on Water and Environment - Caspian Sea Fluctuations and Climate Change (PDF). | Oct 01, 2025 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Mar 14, 2025 | ||
| Added cross-reference. | Jan 17, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: CNN - The planets largest lake is shrinking fast. Experts fear it may never recover. | Dec 20, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute - The Caspian Sea: threats to its biological resources and environmental security. | Oct 25, 2024 | ||
| Links added. | May 17, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Lakepedia - Caspian Sea. | Mar 31, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Caspian Sea. | Nov 05, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Caspian Sea. | Nov 05, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: LiveScience - Caspian Sea: Largest Inland Body of Water. | Dec 06, 2019 | ||
| Added cross-references. | Nov 10, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Jewish Virtual Library - Khazars. | Apr 27, 2017 | ||
| Bibliography revised and updated. | Jan 06, 2016 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Jan 06, 2016 | ||
| Media added. | Jan 06, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Encyclopaedia Iranica - Caspian Sea. | Dec 10, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: NASA - Earth Observatory - Ice on the Caspian Sea. | Dec 10, 2013 | ||
| Updated geologic time data. | May 17, 2010 | ||
| Added correct cross-reference to Kazakhstan article. | Sep 24, 2009 | ||
| Geologic time data updated. | Sep 24, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Geography - Geography of Caspian Sea. | Jul 30, 2008 | ||
| Article revised. | Jun 14, 2002 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 28, 1999 |
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