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Bedford, city, Bedford unitary authority, historic county of Bedfordshire, England, in the fertile valley of the River Ouse. A Roman fording station and a Saxon town (cemetery of Kempston), it was recaptured by the Anglo-Saxon sovereign Edward the Elder (ruled 899–924) from the Danes in 914. The community became the capital of the nascent shire because of its commanding position. It received its first charter from Henry II (ruled 1154–89), and this was confirmed by...