Other significant fraud cases involved charges of unauthorized trading. For example, in a case brought against Jeffrey Silverman, the respondent had entered unauthorized commodity futures trades for eggs and pork bellies and continued to do so even after at least one customer objected. The Seventh Circuit court upheld the CFTC’s order, prohibiting Silverman from trading futures contracts on U.S. exchanges for a period of two years.

Similarly, in a case against Robert Haltmier, the account executive was sanctioned for entering several unauthorized transactions for a customer who was traveling abroad. The CFTC’s action was upheld by the Second Circuit, but the court criticized the CFTC for prohibiting Haltmier from trading on U.S. exchanges. The Second Circuit pointed out that Haltmier’s conduct involved the illegal trading of customer accounts, for which he should have been sanctioned, and not his own personal trading, to which the prohibition applied.

A more-sophisticated illegal form of unauthorized transactions arose involving Winchester-Hardin-Oppenheimer Trading Company. There it was charged that respondents had engaged in a fraudulent scheme to allocate profitable transactions to a nominee account of a respondent and losing trades to customer accounts.

The Division of Enforcement, a branch of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), has also brought numerous registration denial and revocation cases against investment advisers, trade dealers, and associated persons. In such cases, persons may be denied registration with the SEC or have their registration revoked if they have been found guilty of fraud in association with the rendering of investment advice or any sale of securities or commodities or have committed a crime against state or national laws.

On the other hand, a convicted counterfeiter was allowed to register. In the much-publicized registration case against Larry Williams, the Division of Enforcement sought to deny Williams registration as a commodities-trading adviser on the grounds that he had previously been sanctioned by the SEC on the basis of a consent settlement and that he had misleadingly promoted his futures trading system and his book on futures trading, entitled How I Made $1,000,000 Trading Commodities Last Year (1979). Williams had promoted his futures system through seminars for which he charged $1,500 per participant and offered gains of 100 percent. Over 500 people attended these seminars.

The case against Williams suffered several weaknesses. The SEC had reinstated Williams’s registration as an investment adviser, undercutting the suggestion that his prior securities activities were evidence of his continuing unfitness to deal with the public. The division’s claim that Williams had misrepresented his trading successes in his book was also nebulous. The division asserted that while he had made $1 million trading, not all of that profit was for his own account. But this was not found to be misleading, since customers were concerned about trading results, not who benefited. A CFTC administrative law judge found that Williams had been negligent at least with respect to misleading statements in announcements promoting his seminars because he portrayed his trading system as perfect when, in fact, it had serious flaws. The CFTC, however, concluded that because the conduct occurred before the creation of the CFTC, it would not be used to disqualify him from registration.

A continuing problem for the Division of Enforcement has been abuses by commodity pools and their advisers. The large amount of liquid funds that may be obtained from the public for the operation of these pools makes them particularly susceptible to abuse. Perhaps the most famous commodity pool case brought by the division (whose efforts were spear-headed by John Cotton) involved Chilcott Portfolio Management, Inc., an Oklahoma firm that was the creation of Thomas D. Chilcott and which was placed in receivership by the CFTC. Chilcott converted (stole) more than $80 million in funds it had solicited from over 400 customers.

The CFTC has also investigated and prosecuted foreign-currency fraud involving futures or options. Currency trading scams often attract customers through advertisements in local newspapers, radio promotions, or attractive Internet sites. These advertisements may boast purportedly high returns, low-risk investment opportunities, or even highly paid currency trading employment opportunities.

The fraudulent activities of these scam artists is increasingly becoming more sophisticated. In some cases the defendants continuously move their operations to evade the CFTC’s jurisdiction by claiming they were dealing with regulated counterparties (some in foreign locations) or that the contracts sold were spot (and not futures) transactions. As with other financial markets, the availability of increasingly sophisticated technology has transformed the structure of the industry and at the same time increased the opportunity for fraud.