Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Senior Lecturer in Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Visiting Professor of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of California, Davis; Consulting Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University.
Fact-checked byThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
AV-8 Harrier V/STOL jet fighter, produced for the U.S. Marines, 1983. Developed by Hawker Siddeley Aviation (later part of BAE Systems), the original model first flew in 1966. Adjustable engine nozzles allowed the Harrier to take off straight up or with a short roll.
BAE Systems, major British manufacturer of aircraft, missiles, avionics, and other aerospace and defense products. It was formed in 1999 from the merger of British Aerospace PLC (BAe) with Marconi Electronic Systems, formerly part of General Electric Company PLC. BAe, in turn, dates to the merger in 1977 of British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, and two other firms. Headquarters are in London.
BAE Systems develops and builds fighter aircraft in joint ventures with several European and American aerospace companies, and versions of its vertical/short-takeoff-and-landing (V/STOL) Harrier jet fighter are manufactured in partnership with Boeing Company. Its Hawk jet trainers have been supplied to the British Royal Air Force and widely exported. Activities of BAE Systems nonaerospace business units include the development and construction of surface warships and submarines for the British Royal Navy and the manufacture of a variety of weapons systems and munitions. In 2000 the company employed some 100,000 people directly and in joint ventures and was the largest exporter in the United Kingdom.
Through its antecedent company BAe, BAE Systems carries the heritage of some 20 British aerospace firms. In early 1960 British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) was created through the amalgamation of Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd. with English Electric Company and Bristol Aeroplane Company; shortly afterward BAC acquired a controlling interest in Hunting Aircraft Ltd. The origin of Vickers-Armstrongs lies with Vickers (Aviation) Ltd., founded in 1928, and Supermarine Aviation Works Ltd., founded in 1913. English Electric was created in 1918 through the amalgamation of five companies, of which three had experience building aircraft as early as 1911. Bristol Aeroplane was founded in 1910 as the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company.
In the 1950s and early â60s a second group of British aircraft companies underwent a series of mergers that resulted in the Hawker Siddeley Group. As with BAC, the forerunners of Hawker Siddeley were manufacturers with long historiesâamong them Armstrong Whitworth (dating to 1921), A.V. Roe and Company, or Avro (1910), Folland Aircraft Ltd. (1935, as British Marine Aircraft Ltd.), Gloster Aircraft Company (1915, as Aircraft Manufacturing Co.), Hawker Aircraft (1920), and Blackburn Aircraft (1914). During that consolidation period, Hawker Siddeley also acquired a controlling interest in the holdings company that owned De Havilland Aircraft Company (formed in 1920). In 1963 Hawker Siddeley was organized into two divisionsâHawker Siddeley Aviation, in charge of aircraft production, and Hawker Siddeley Dynamics, which had responsibility for missiles and rockets.
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Supermarine Spitfire, Britainâs premier fighter plane from 1938 through World War II.
Quadrant/Flight
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Vickers Wellington, the main British bomber in the early part of World War II. After being supplanted by the Avro Lancaster, the Wellington served in mine laying, submarine hunting, photo reconnaissance, and other roles throughout the war.
Topical Press Agency/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
The heritage companies of BAC and Hawker Siddeley were responsible for many innovative and successful aircraft. Bristol, A.V. Roe, Gloster, and De Havilland each had hallmark airplanes in World War I; Bristol produced the F.2b fighter, which became one of the most successful British and Canadian military aircraft. In the World War II era notable products from this group included the Supermarine Spitfire fighter, Avro Lancaster bomber, and De Havilland Mosquito, the last named being a versatile, all-wood aircraft serving as a light bomber, fighter, and reconnaissance plane. Postwar innovations in military aircraft, principally by De Havilland (fighters), English Electric (bombers), and Wellington (bombers), were followed by the first jet passenger transport, the De Havilland Comet, which inaugurated regular service in 1952.
In the 1960s and early â70s BAC and Hawker Siddeley each developed and manufactured a wide range of significant aircraft. BAC built the four-engine Vickers-Armstrongs VC10 jetliner and the twin-engine BAC One-Eleven and, in partnership with Aerospatiale of France (seeEADS), produced the Concorde supersonic transport. The company was also responsible for building the English Electric P 1 Lightning jet fighter, in service in the 1960s and early â70s. In 1969 BAC joined several other European aircraft and engine manufacturers to develop a multirole combat aircraft; the result was the Panavia Tornado, which entered service in 1980. Hawker Siddeley made the HS 125 business jet and the HS 121 Trident jetliner. Its military jet aircraft included the Vulcan bomber and the V/STOL Harrier fighter, which was licensed in the United States by McDonnell Douglas (later acquired by Boeing) for production for the Marine Corps.
Unprofitable financial situations for both BAC and Hawker Siddeley led to their nationalization in 1976. A year later BAC, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics, and Scottish Aviation (formed in 1935) were taken into public ownership as British Aerospace. In 1979 BAe secured a 20 percent stake in the Airbus Industrie consortium, through which it participated in the manufacture of passenger jetliners. The company moved toward privatization in 1981 when the British government sold 51.57 percent of its stake to the public. Four years later it sold its remaining shares but kept a special share valued at ÂŁ1 to ensure that the company would stay under British control. Foreign shareholding was originally limited to 15 percent but later raised to 29.5 percent.
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Eurofighter Typhoon, DA5 prototype. The twin-engine Typhoon jet fighter is the result of a joint program within the European aerospace industry to develop a next-generation multirole combat aircraft. The DA1 prototype made its first flight in 1994.
In the 1990s BAe streamlined its portfolio by selling its corporate jet division to Raytheon Company and the automaker Rover Group PLC (acquired in 1988) to Germanyâs BMW. With Germanyâs DaimlerChrysler Aerospace, Italyâs Alenia, and Spainâs CASA, it became a partner in the Eurofighter Typhoon program to develop a multirole combat aircraft. The company also joined ventures, headed by Lockheed Martin Corporation in the United States, to develop the Joint Strike Fighter and, with Saab AB in Sweden, to produce and market Saabâs Gripen multirole fighter for the international market. In 1998 BAe acquired a 35 percent interest in Saab AB.
In 1999 BAe signed an agreement with General Electric Company PLC wherein the latter would split off its defense electronics business, Marconi Electronic Systems, which would then merge with BAe. The resulting company became BAE Systems. In 2001 BAE Systems, EADS, and Italyâs Finmeccanica group agreed to combine the missiles and missile-systems activities of their subsidiaries Matra BAe Dynamics, EADS Aerospatiale Matra Missiles, and Alenia Marconi Systems into a single pan-European corporate entity with the name MBDA. That same year Airbus was restructured as a joint-stock company, owned by EADS (80 percent) and BAE Systems (20 percent), although the former became the sole owner when the latter sold its share in 2006.
