6 of the First Women to Become Heads of State
Throughout history, women have often been pushed to the sidelines in politics and kept from power. As of 2016, only 44 of the 196 countries in the world had ever had a woman as head of state. From earning the right to vote in democracies to holding office and becoming national leaders, women have fought their way to the stage in a largely male-dominated global political sphere.
Khertek Anchimaa-Toka
Khertek Anchimaa-Toka served as head of the parliament of the Tuvan Peopleâs Republic, called the Little Khural, from 1940 until 1944, the first ever elected woman head of state in the world. At the age of 18 or 19, Anchimaa, along with 75 other Tuvan youths, was given the opportunity to study in Moscow, where she became one of only 11 of the original 76 to graduate from the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. It was this opportunity to learn Stalinist ideology and to study politics that earned her multiple leadership positions within the Tuvan Peopleâs Revolutionary Party when she returned to her home. As a public servant during this time, she focused efforts on the betterment and education of women in her country. Once elected chairwoman, Anchimaa led Tuva into World War II in 1941 on the side of the Allied powers, largely assisting the Soviet forces. She acted as head of state in Tuva until the countryâs inclusion into the Soviet Union by a vote in 1944, afterward becoming deputy chair of the Tuvan executive committee until 1961.
VigdĂs FinnbogadĂłttir
VigdĂs FinnbogadĂłttir was elected president of Iceland in 1980 and was quite the record breaker. FinnbogadĂłttirâs election made her Icelandâs first woman head of state, and the first woman in the world to be elected president of a country. With a term length of exactly 16 years, she also became the longest-serving woman head of state in any country in history. FinnbogadĂłttirâs rise to power began, unusually, with a stint as director of the ReykjavĂk Theatre Company. With a bachelorâs degree in French from the University of Iceland and a teaching degree, FinnbogadĂłttir earned national popularity as the star of her own educational programming for Iceland State Television. She won her first election in 1980 against three male candidates, triumphing with a focus on education and culture. FinnbogadĂłttir then went on to serve three more terms as president, running unopposed in 1984 and 1992 and winning with a whopping 92 percent of the vote in 1988. As president, FinnbogadĂłttir highlighted the importance of retaining and celebrating Icelandâs cultural identity and heritage through language and customs. After serving as president, she founded the Council of Women World Leaders in 1996 and received many awards for her humanitarian work and promotion of cultural values.
Isabel PerĂłn
Isabel PerĂłn served as vice president of Argentina from 1973 to 1974 and then succeeded her husband, Juan PerĂłn, in the position of president after his death. She served as president from 1974 until 1976. She was Argentinaâs first woman head of state and the first woman head of state in South America, and she holds the honor of being the first woman president in the world (though she was not elected to the position). Her initial desire to work in show business and dance gave little indication of her future as the leader of her country. But when she met Juan PerĂłn, a famous Argentinian politician, in the mid-1950s, she gave up her career to work alongside him as a secretary, and the decision led to her eventual rise to power. The two married in 1961 and were elected president and vice president of Argentina in 1973. After her husbandâs death and her ascent to the presidency, Argentina faced economic instability and political unrest. PerĂłn was encouraged to resign from her position after accusations of corruption in connection to the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance, an illegal organization supposedly led by a close adviser of the PerĂłns, JosĂ© LĂłpez Rega. PerĂłn refused to resign, and so a military coup was staged that left her detained for five years until her eventual exile to Spain. She was charged in 2007 with permitting human rights atrocities carried out by the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance while president, but Spain refused to extradite her for a trial.
Corazon Aquino
Corazon Aquino served as president of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992, the first woman to hold that office. She was also the first female president in Asia. She is known for her revolutionary role in reinstating democratic rule to the Philippines, leading the country away from the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos. She was born Maria Corazon Cojuangco. She graduated from Mount St. Vincent College in New York City in 1954 and soon after married the politician Benigno Aquino, Jr., following her husband into his political aspirations. After her husbandâs assassination in 1983, Corazon Aquino ran in the 1986 presidential election, taking his place as a leading figure in the opposition to Ferdinand Marcos. Though Marcos was reported to have won, Aquino and her party challenged the election results, and she was named the rightful president by the Philippine military. Immediately upon becoming president, Aquino began work to create a new constitution for the country and restored a bicameral Congress. As president she focused on attempts to stabilize the economy and to enforce civil liberties and human rights. Aquino decided not to seek reelection in 1992, attempting to act as a model for future presidents to allow changes in power and to emphasize the democratic will of the people.
Pratibha Patil
Pratibha Patil served as president of India from 2007 to 2012, the first woman to become the countryâs head of state. She was also the first woman to serve as governor of an Indian state when, in 2004, she was appointed to the position in the state of Rajasthan. Patil became a member of the political sphere in India in 1962, when she was elected to a position in the Maharashtra legislative assembly at the age of 27. Though a longtime public servant, she was very low-profile during her political life, generating little opposition to her campaign for the presidency. Her time as president, however, was marked with controversy. Patil was reported to have spent more money and to have gone on more foreign trips with her family than any Indian president before her, spending about 2.05 billion INR (about $30 million or ÂŁ24 million). Her attempt to use government funds and to acquire Indian military land to construct a retirement home for herself was also a controversial decision that faced a large amount of opposition.
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, president of Liberia from 2006 to 2018, was the first woman elected head of state in the country and the first woman to become a head of state in Africa. Johnson Sirleaf is known for her role in bolstering Liberiaâs economic, political, and social landscapes after years of civil war and for earning a Nobel Peace Prize in 2011 for womenâs rights work. She received a bachelorâs degree in economics from the University of Colorado Boulder, a bachelorâs degree in accounting from Madison Business College, and a masterâs degree in public administration from Harvard. Johnson Sirleaf served as Liberiaâs assistant minister of finance under the presidency of William Tolbert until he was overthrown in 1980 and a civil war was instigated. While exiled in Kenya and the United States during the war, Johnson Sirleaf honed her skills as an economist and worked for the World Bank, Citibank, and other organizations. Returning to Liberia once the Second Liberian Civil War had calmed, she put her education and experience as an economist and politician to use by running for president. When she was elected in 2006, she enacted measures that freed Liberia of all its debts and gained international aid for rebuilding the country. She also instituted a Truth and Reconciliation Committee in order to encourage peace and bridge divides within the country following the civil unrest. In 2018 she was awarded the Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership.
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