biotechnology: Quick Facts

Written and fact-checked by

The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last updated

Nov. 12, 2026

News •

Scientists challenge the dream of bringing extinct species back to life • Nov. 11, 2026, 2:30 PM ET (Phys.org)

SETI Institute Welcomes Three New Artists-in-Residence Exploring Life Beyond Earth and the Nature of Intelligence • Oct. 29, 2026, 1:02 PM ET (SETI)

Photos

A step-by-step diagram shows donor DNA and vector DNA cut with restriction enzymes to create overhangs, mixed and sealed with ligase to form recombinant DNA, which is introduced into bacterial cells. The recombinant DNA replicates as the cells divide, producing clones.

A step-by-step diagram shows the process of creating genetically modified plants using recombinant DNA technology, from inserting an insecticidal gene into plant cells to growing plants that kill insect pests.

See All Images →

Topics

cloning genetic engineering optogenetics de-extinction neurotechnology biomaterials Microarray nuclear transfer tissue engineering viral vector materials science medicine information processing drug energy conversion nanotechnology surveying weather modification measurement engineering

Key People

Kary B. Mullis

Kary Mullis

American biochemist

Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw

Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw

Indian businesswoman

production of monoclonal antibodies

Georges J.F. Köhler

German immunologist

default image

Michael Smith

Canadian chemist

Francis Fukuyama smiling outdoors, wearing a dark blazer over a checked shirt, with blurred autumn foliage in the background.

Francis Fukuyama

American writer and political theorist