Kennedyâs funeral
The protocols for the funeral of another assassinated president, Abraham Lincoln, were followed for Kennedyâs funeral. Kennedyâs body, in a flag-draped casket, lay in repose in the East Room of the White House on November 23 and then was transferred to the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol to lie in state, where it was visited by some 250,000 people. On November 25 a mourning country watched on television as a sombre parade conveyed the casketâcarried on a caisson pulled by six horses, accompanied by a seventh riderless horse with black cavalry boots pointed backward in the inverted stirrupsâthrough the streets of Washington, D.C., to St. Matthewâs Cathedral, site of the funeral mass. As the cortege left the cathedral, Kennedyâs son, John, Jr., who had just turned age three, movingly saluted the casket, which was interred in Arlington National Cemetery.
Just over a week later, Jacqueline Kennedy summoned author-journalist Theodore H. White to the Kennedy compound at Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. In their conversation she sought to guide him to casting the legacy of her husbandâs presidency in terms of the âbrief shining moment that was known as Camelot.â White used that characterizationâborrowed from a popular Broadway musical about the knights of the Round Table that Jacqueline had said was much loved by her husbandâin the widely read essay White wrote for the December 6 issue of Life magazine.
The Warren Commission
Johnsonâconvinced that a conspiracy was at the root of the assassination but not wanting the country to be pushed into rash action against either the Soviet Union or Cuba by the growing suspicion among Americans that the killing was a communist plotâmoved toward closure with the creation on November 29, 1963, of the Presidentâs Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. That bodyâbetter known as the Warren Commission, after its chairman, Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warrenâwas charged with ascertaining, evaluating, and reporting the facts relating to the assassination and to the death of Oswald.
After some 10 months of investigation and closed-door hearings, the commissionâdrawing on a lengthy FBI report, eyewitness and expert testimony, Kennedyâs autopsy, physical evidence, sophisticated analysis of home movies of the assassination shot by Orville Nix, Marie Muchmore, and especially Abraham Zapruder, and scientific reenactmentsâfound that Oswald had acted alone. The resulting 888-page Warren Report concluded that Oswald, who had become a skilled marksman as a marine, had fired three shots: one that entered Kennedyâs neck and exited through his throat before hitting Connally, one that hit Kennedy in the back of the head (the fatal shot), and one miss. (The conclusion drawn about the first shot, known as the âsingle bullet theory,â was dismissed by doubters, who saw it as predicated on what they saw as the unfathomable movements of a âmagic bullet.â) Many disagreed with these findings and argued instead that there had been a second shooter on the grassy knoll in Dealey Plaza that the motorcade had been approaching, and there were witnesses who thought they had heard shots coming from the direction of a railroad yard beyond the knoll. The commission, however, determined that there had not been a conspiracy involving either Oswald or Ruby.