Which provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act were challenged in the 2012 Supreme Court cases?

In the 2012 Supreme Court cases regarding the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), the court addressed challenges to two primary provisions:12

• The Individual Mandate: Also known as the minimum-coverage provision, this requirement compelled most Americans to obtain health insurance by January 1, 2014, or pay a financial penalty. Plaintiffs argued that Congress exceeded its authority under the commerce clause by regulating "inactivity"—the failure to purchase insurance. The Supreme Court ultimately upheld the mandate, characterizing it as a valid exercise of Congress’s power to tax under the U.S. Constitution.1345
• Medicaid Expansion: The act revised eligibility requirements to significantly increase the number of Medicaid beneficiaries. States challenged this as an unconstitutional use of the spending clause, arguing that the federal government coerced them by threatening to withhold all federal Medicaid funds if they refused to participate. The court ruled that while the expansion itself was constitutional, the federal government could not withhold existing Medicaid funds as a penalty for states that opted out.314

Additionally, the court considered whether the Anti-Injunction Act barred it from hearing the challenge to the individual mandate before the penalty took effect, ultimately concluding that it did not.41