What happened after Emilio Aguinaldo swore allegiance to the United States?

After Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by U.S. forces in March 1901, he swore an oath of allegiance to the United States and formally appealed to his countrymen to cease hostilities and accept American sovereignty. Following his submission, he was granted a pension by the U.S. government and retired to private life.123

Despite Aguinaldo’s call for peace, the guerrilla campaign against American forces continued with significant intensity for some time. While the organized insurrection was considered effectively ended by his capture, sporadic fighting persisted in various regions, such as Batangas and Samar, until as late as 1906.2

In his later years, Aguinaldo remained a public figure, unsuccessfully running for president in 1935 and later becoming involved in the political landscape during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II. After the war, he was arrested for collaboration but eventually received presidential amnesty, later serving on the Council of State and focusing on veterans' affairs and the promotion of nationalism and democracy.1