Sixth Crusade

The Sixth Crusade, occurring in 1228–1229, was led by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Unlike many other Crusades, it was largely achieved through diplomacy rather than extensive military conflict. Frederick II, who had been excommunicated by the Pope, negotiated a treaty with al-Malik al-Kamil of Egypt. This treaty resulted in the cession of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and a corridor to the sea to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. However, the treaty excluded the Temple Mount and the Dome of the Rock, which remained under Muslim control. Despite regaining these holy sites, the peace was fragile, and the diplomatic gains were eventually lost.1234