Reconstruction: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- United StatesReconstruction and the New South, 1865ā1900
- LouisianaThe 19th century
- 5 Questions About Reconstruction Answered
- African American literatureThe Civil War and Reconstruction
- African AmericansReconstruction and after
- Aiken
- AtlantaHistory
- Black Codes
- carpetbagger
- DelawareSlavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction
- Force Acts
- Fourteenth AmendmentHistory
- Freedmenās Bureau
- Monuments of Hope, Memorials to a Poisoned Past
- Lost Cause
- MississippiThe aftermath of the Civil War
- New OrleansThe Civil War and its aftermath
- OklahomaAmerican dominion
- United States presidential election of 1868Reconstruction era election
- United States presidential election of 1876The platforms
- Reconstruction Acts
- Reconstruction
- scalawag
- Union League
- Wade-Davis Bill
- Joseph Emerson Brown
- Rutherford B. HayesPresidency and later life
- George W. Julian
- Edwin M. Stanton
- Thaddeus Stevens
- Charles Sumner
Additional Reading
The most comprehensive modern account of Reconstruction is Eric Foner, Reconstruction: Americaās Unfinished Revolution, 1863ā1877 (1988), also available in an abridged version, A Short History of Reconstruction (1990). Leon F. Litwack explores African American aspirations immediately following emancipation in Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (1979). Steven Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (2003), discusses grassroots Black politics. Eric Foner, Freedomās Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction (rev. ed., 1996), offers biographical sketches of more than 1,500 Black officials. George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction (1984), examines the Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist organizations. Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865ā1901 (2001), discusses the retreat from Reconstruction. Still worth reading is W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America (1935), a pioneering critique of the old racist view of the period.
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified link of Web site: Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History - Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-1877. | Sep 26, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History - Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-1877. | Oct 11, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Khan Academy - Info Brief: Collapse of Reconstruction. | Jun 19, 2025 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Mar 18, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Humanities LibreTexts - Reconstruction. | Feb 15, 2025 | ||
| Cross-references added; style and spellings updated. | Nov 26, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: USHistory.org - Reconstruction. | Mar 27, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Florida State College at Jacksonville Pressbooks - African American History and Culture - Politics of Reconstruction. | Jan 06, 2024 | ||
| Links added. | Oct 28, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: New Jersey State Library - The Reconstruction Era, 1865-1877. | Oct 17, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: American Battlefield Trust - Reconstruction: An Overview. | Aug 08, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Digital History - America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War. | Aug 29, 2022 | ||
| Media added. | Jul 26, 2021 | ||
| Add new Web site: PBS LearningMedia - Reconstruction: The 15th Amendment and African American Men in Congress. | Jun 30, 2021 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Sep 10, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: PBS - American Experience - Reconstruction: The Second Civil War. | Aug 17, 2020 | ||
| Changed āblackā to āBlackā throughout article. | Jul 28, 2020 | ||
| Media added. | Jan 06, 2020 | ||
| Media added. | Aug 21, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: United States History for Kids - Reconstruction Era. | Mar 14, 2019 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Jan 05, 2018 | ||
| Add new Web site: Howard University Library System - Reconstruction Era: 1865 - 1877. | Jan 27, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Mr.Nussbaum - Reconstruction: 1865 ļæ½ 1869. | Jan 25, 2017 | ||
| Media added. | May 05, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Social Studies for Kids - Reconstruction. | Jun 11, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Texas State Historical Association - The Handbook of Texas Online - Reconstruction. | Jun 10, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: America's Story from America's Library - Reconstruction. | May 21, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Tennessee Civil War National Heritage Area - Reconstruction. | May 21, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Park Service - Reconstruction Era. | May 21, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: The University of West Georgia - Reconstruction. | May 21, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Heritage History - The Reconstruction Period. | May 21, 2013 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised. | Dec 21, 2010 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Aug 15, 2010 | ||
| New bibliography added. | Aug 02, 2010 | ||
| Media added. | Apr 27, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: African American Registry - Biography of Ed Wilson. | Nov 07, 2008 | ||
| Media added. | Mar 10, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Public Broadcasting Service - Reconstruction. | Jul 30, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Official Site of Wofford College, Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States. | Oct 10, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Library of Congress - After Reconstruction - Problems of African Americans in the South. | Oct 06, 2006 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | May 04, 1999 |