Nine-Power Treaty
Quick Summary
The Nine-Power Treaty was an international agreement signed in 1922 as part of the Washington Conference. The treaty was signed by nine nations: the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, and China.
The primary goal of the Nine-Power Treaty was to affirm China's sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity. It also established the principle of equal opportunity for all nations to engage in trade with China, a concept closely related to the Open Door policy. This aimed to prevent any single power from dominating China economically and to ensure fair trade practices. The treaty was an effort to stabilize East Asia and prevent future conflicts arising from competing interests in China.
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ChinaReactions to warlords and foreigners…treaty was signed as the Nine-Power Pact on February 6. Two other Chinese proposals, tariff autonomy and abolishing extraterritoriality, were not included in the pact but were assigned to a committee for further study. In the meantime, separate negotiations between China and Japan produced a treaty in which Japan agreed…
Read More…treaty was signed as the Nine-Power Pact on February 6. Two other Chinese proposals, tariff autonomy and abolishing extraterritoriality, were not included in the pact but were assigned to a committee for further study. In the meantime, separate negotiations between China and Japan produced a treaty in which Japan agreed…
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Empire of JapanAnnexation of Korea and expansion in East AsiaThe Nine-Power Pact (the five powers plus the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, and China) would, it was hoped, guarantee Chinese sovereignty and territorial integrity. Subsequent to the official conference sessions, Japan agreed to retire from Shandong, and shortly afterward Japanese armies also withdrew from Siberia and northern…
Read MoreThe Nine-Power Pact (the five powers plus the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, and China) would, it was hoped, guarantee Chinese sovereignty and territorial integrity. Subsequent to the official conference sessions, Japan agreed to retire from Shandong, and shortly afterward Japanese armies also withdrew from Siberia and northern…
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Open Door policyThe Nine-Power Treaty after the Washington Conference (1921–22) reaffirmed the principle, however. The crisis in Manchuria (Northeast China) brought about by the Mukden Incident of 1931 and the war between China and Japan that broke out in 1937 led the United States to adopt a rigid…
Read MoreThe Nine-Power Treaty after the Washington Conference (1921–22) reaffirmed the principle, however. The crisis in Manchuria (Northeast China) brought about by the Mukden Incident of 1931 and the war between China and Japan that broke out in 1937 led the United States to adopt a rigid…
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Washington ConferenceA Nine-Power Pact signed by the above five powers plus the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, and China affirmed China’s sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity and gave all nations the right to do business with it on equal terms. In a related treaty the nine powers established an…
Read MoreA Nine-Power Pact signed by the above five powers plus the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, and China affirmed China’s sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity and gave all nations the right to do business with it on equal terms. In a related treaty the nine powers established an…
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20th-century international relationsThe organization of power in the PacificA Nine-Power Pact obliged all parties to respect “the sovereignty, the independence, and the territorial and administrative integrity of the state of China” and the commercial Open Door. A separate Sino-Japanese agreement provided for Japanese evacuation of Shantung. In a Five-Power Treaty on naval armaments, Britain,…
Read MoreA Nine-Power Pact obliged all parties to respect “the sovereignty, the independence, and the territorial and administrative integrity of the state of China” and the commercial Open Door. A separate Sino-Japanese agreement provided for Japanese evacuation of Shantung. In a Five-Power Treaty on naval armaments, Britain,…
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United StatesThe Open Door in the Far East…seemed to come with the Nine-Power Treaty of Washington of 1922, when all nations with interests in China promised to respect the Open Door.
Read More…seemed to come with the Nine-Power Treaty of Washington of 1922, when all nations with interests in China promised to respect the Open Door.
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