2006 Lebanon War

2006 Lebanon War, a war between Israel and Hezbollah that began on July 12, 2006, and ended on August 14. Its proximate cause was a cross-border attack by Hezbollah fighters that culminated with the kidnapping of a pair of Israeli soldiers and the killing of eight others.

Background: Hezbollah and Israel in southern Lebanon

Hezbollah emerged in southern Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–90) to resist the entrance of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) into the war and its invasion of Lebanon from the south. It consisted of militia fighters from southern Lebanon’s predominantly Shiʿi Muslim population, who drew inspiration from the religious populism of the Iranian Revolution just a few years earlier in 1979. When the civil war ended, Hezbollah continued to press the IDF, which remained in southern Lebanon as an occupying force, and positioned itself as the champion of Lebanese causes against Israeli aggression. After the withdrawal of Israeli forces in May 2000, land disputes and Israel’s detention of Lebanese nationals were among the issues that led to cross-border skirmishes between Hezbollah and the IDF. In January 2004 Israel released hundreds of mostly Palestinian and Lebanese prisoners in exchange for an Israeli businessman and the remains of three Israeli soldiers, who had been captured by Hezbollah in October 2000.

Abduction of Israeli soldiers and the 34-day war

On the morning of July 12, 2006, Hezbollah launched a barrage of rockets into northern Israel, diverting the IDF’s attention as Hezbollah militants infiltrated the border. Eight Israeli soldiers were killed and two others were kidnapped during the campaign. Hassan Nasrallah, Hezbollah’s leader, had hoped the abduction would open negotiations for another prisoner exchange, but he had underestimated Israel’s resolve to disabuse the militant group of the notion that it could attack soldiers with impunity.

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Israel launched a massive air operation, bombing Hezbollah headquarters and rocket stockpiles in Beirut and militia positions and rocket launchers in the south as well as strategic targets, such as the Beirut airport, roads, and bridges, to prevent the abducted soldiers from being spirited out of the country and fresh military supplies from reaching Hezbollah.

The initial air strikes were extremely effective. In just 39 minutes on the night of July 12, the Israeli air force destroyed most of Hezbollah’s Iranian-made Zelzal long-range rockets, the militia’s prized strategic weapon. The intensive air campaign forced Hezbollah leaders underground and took a toll on its elite militia fighters. The strikes also caused hundreds of civilian deaths; however, they failed to stop the relentless rocket attacks on northern Israel. A sweeping ground offensive began on July 22 to push Hezbollah north of the Litani River and away from the Israeli border, but the high cost of life and the IDF’s inability to subdue Hezbollah led to considerable criticism within Israel over the handling of the war.

Cessation of violence and aftermath

Hostilities came to an end on August 14 after Israel, Hezbollah, and the Lebanese government accepted the conditions of United Nations (UN) Resolution 1701. The resolution called for an immediate ceasefire, the deployment of Lebanese troops and UN peacekeepers to southern Lebanon, the withdrawal of the IDF and Hezbollah from that same area, and the disarmament of Hezbollah. Israeli officials believed the resolution met most of its objectives, although the soldiers abducted on July 12 remained in Hezbollah’s custody. Hezbollah’s ability to fight the IDF to a standstill—a feat no other Arab militia had accomplished—allowed it to claim victory at home and emerge as heroes throughout much of the Arab world.

In the course of the war, about 120 IDF soldiers and more than 40 Israeli civilians were killed. More than 1,100 Lebanese civilians and Hezbollah combatants died, and the war caused massive displacement and damage to infrastructure in southern Lebanon. The Winograd Commission, convened in Israel to investigate conduct during the campaign, issued a report in January 2008 that was highly critical of the wartime decision-making of Israel’s leadership. In July 2008, following UN-brokered negotiations, the bodies of the abducted soldiers were returned to Israel in exchange for five Lebanese prisoners and the bodies of about 200 others.

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