Physicians, MOR-SAF
Explore the physicians whose skill, research, and dedication to healing helped shape medical practice and improve patient care across generations.
Physicians Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Morton, William Thomas Green
William Thomas Green Morton was an American dental surgeon who in 1846 gave the first successful public demonstration......
Moser, Edvard I.
Edvard I. Moser is a Norwegian neuroscientist best known for his role in the discovery of grid cells in the brain......
Moser, May-Britt
May-Britt Moser is a Norwegian neuroscientist who contributed to the discovery of grid cells in the brain and the......
Mosher, Eliza Maria
Eliza Maria Mosher was an American physician and educator whose wide-ranging medical career included an educational......
Moynihan, Berkeley George Andrew Moynihan, 1st Baron
Berkeley George Andrew Moynihan, 1st Baron Moynihan was a British surgeon and teacher of medicine who was a noted......
Mukherjee, Siddhartha
Siddhartha Mukherjee is an Indian-born American oncologist and writer known for his work in cancer research and......
Mukwege, Denis
Denis Mukwege is a Congolese physician noted for his work in treating victims of sexual violence in the Democratic......
Mullally, Sarah
Sarah Mullally is the 106th archbishop of Canterbury, the first woman to be appointed in the more than 1,400-year......
Muller, Hermann Joseph
Hermann Joseph Muller was an American geneticist best remembered for his demonstration that mutations and hereditary......
Mullis, Kary
Kary Mullis was an American biochemist, cowinner of the 1993 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his invention of the......
Murad, Ferid
Ferid Murad was an American pharmacologist who, along with Robert F. Furchgott and Louis J. Ignarro, was awarded......
Murphy, John B.
John B. Murphy was an American surgeon who was notable for his advances in abdominal surgery. Murphy served as......
Murphy, William P.
William P. Murphy was an American physician who with George R. Minot in 1926 reported success in the treatment......
Murray, George Redmayne
George Redmayne Murray was an English physician who pioneered in the treatment of endocrine disorders. He was one......
Murray, Joseph E.
Joseph E. Murray was an American surgeon who in 1990 was co-winner (with E. Donnall Thomas) of the Nobel Prize......
Murthy, Vivek
Vivek Murthy is a doctor who has served (2014–17 and 2021– ) as U.S. surgeon general under Presidents Barack Obama......
Müller, Johannes
Johannes Müller was a German physiologist and comparative anatomist, one of the great natural philosophers of the......
Müller, Paul Hermann
Paul Hermann Müller was a Swiss chemist who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1948 for discovering......
Nagel, Georg
Georg Nagel is a German biophysicist known for his contributions to discoveries relating to light-sensitive proteins.......
Nakajima, Hiroshi
Hiroshi Nakajima was a Japanese physician and director general of the World Health Organization (WHO; 1988–98).......
Namora, Fernando Goncalves
Fernando Goncalves Namora was a Portuguese writer who wrote neorealist poetry and fiction, much of it inspired......
Nasrin, Taslima
Taslima Nasrin is a Bangladeshi feminist author who was forced out of her country because of her controversial......
Nathans, Daniel
Daniel Nathans was an American microbiologist who was corecipient, with Hamilton Othanel Smith of the United States......
Neher, Erwin
Erwin Neher is a German physicist who was a corecipient, with Bert Sakmann, of the 1991 Nobel Prize for Physiology......
Nicholas Of Cusa
Nicholas Of Cusa was a cardinal, mathematician, scholar, experimental scientist, and influential philosopher who......
Nicol, Davidson
Davidson Nicol was a Sierra Leonean diplomat, physician, medical researcher, and writer whose short stories and......
Nicolle, Charles-Jules-Henri
Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle was a French bacteriologist who received the 1928 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine......
Nightingale, Florence
Florence Nightingale was a British nurse, statistician, and social reformer who was the foundational philosopher......
Nirenberg, Marshall Warren
Marshall Warren Nirenberg was an American biochemist and corecipient, with Robert William Holley and Har Gobind......
Nostradamus
Nostradamus was a French astrologer and physician, the most widely read seer of the Renaissance. Nostradamus began......
Novello, Antonia
Antonia Novello is a Puerto Rican-born physician and public official, the first woman and the first Hispanic to......
Nurse, Paul
Paul Nurse is a British scientist who, with Leland H. Hartwell and R. Timothy Hunt, won the Nobel Prize for Physiology......
Nuttall, George Henry Falkiner
George Henry Falkiner Nuttall was an American-born British biologist and physician who contributed substantially......
Nutting, Mary Adelaide
Mary Adelaide Nutting was an American nurse and educator, remembered for her influential role in raising the quality......
Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard is a German developmental geneticist who was jointly awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize for......
Ochoa, Severo
Severo Ochoa was a biochemist and molecular biologist who received (with the American biochemist Arthur Kornberg)......
Ogot, Grace
Grace Ogot was a Kenyan author of widely anthologized short stories and novels who also held a ministerial position......
Ohsumi, Yoshinori
Yoshinori Ohsumi is a Japanese cell biologist known for his work in elucidating the mechanisms of autophagy, a......
Opie, Eugene Lindsay
Eugene Lindsay Opie was an American pathologist who conducted important research on the causes, transmission, and......
Ornish, Dean
Dean Ornish is an American physician and author whose approach to treating heart disease through radical diet modification......
Osler, Sir William, Baronet
Sir William Osler, Baronet was a Canadian physician and professor of medicine who practiced and taught in Canada,......
Oz, Mehmet
Mehmet Oz is a Turkish American surgeon, educator, author, and television personality who cowrote the popular YOU......
O’Keefe, John
John O’Keefe is a British-American neuroscientist who contributed to the discovery of place cells in the hippocampus......
Paget, Sir James, 1st Baronet
Sir James Paget, 1st Baronet was a British surgeon and surgical pathologist. Working at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital,......
Palade, George E.
George E. Palade was a Romanian-born American cell biologist who developed tissue-preparation methods, advanced......
Paracelsus
Paracelsus was a German-Swiss physician and alchemist who established the role of chemistry in medicine. He published......
Paré, Ambroise
Ambroise Paré was a French physician, one of the most notable surgeons of the European Renaissance, regarded by......
Paul of Aegina
Paul of Aegina was an Alexandrian physician and surgeon, the last major ancient Greek medical encyclopaedist, who......
Pavlov, Ivan
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known chiefly for his development of the concept of the conditioned reflex.......
Pincus, Gregory
Gregory Pincus was an American endocrinologist whose work on the antifertility properties of steroids led to the......
Pinel, Philippe
Philippe Pinel was a French physician who pioneered in the humane treatment of the mentally ill. Arriving in Paris......
Pinkham, Lydia E.
Lydia E. Pinkham was a successful American patent-medicine proprietor who claimed that her Vegetable Compound could......
Piot, Peter
Peter Piot is a Belgian microbiologist who served as executive director of the Joint United Nations Programme on......
Pirquet, Clemens, Freiherr von
Clemens, baron von Pirquet was an Austrian physician who originated a tuberculin skin test that bears his name.......
Poiseuille, Jean-Louis-Marie
Jean-Louis-Marie Poiseuille was a French physician and physiologist who formulated a mathematical expression for......
Polyakov, Valery Vladimirovich
Valery Vladimirovich Polyakov was a Russian cosmonaut who holds the record for the longest single spaceflight in......
Porter, Rodney Robert
Rodney Robert Porter was a British biochemist who, with Gerald M. Edelman, received the 1972 Nobel Prize for Physiology......
Pott, Sir Percivall
Sir Percivall Pott was an English surgeon noted for his many insightful and comprehensive surgical writings. He......
Poussaint, Alvin
Alvin Poussaint was an American psychiatrist specializing in child psychiatry and in issues of racial identity......
Preston, Ann
Ann Preston was an American physician and educator who struggled for the rights of women to learn, practice, and......
Pringle, Sir John, 1st Baronet
Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet was a British physician, an early exponent of the importance of ordinary putrefactive......
Prout, William
William Prout was an English chemist and biochemist noted for his discoveries concerning digestion, metabolic chemistry,......
Prusiner, Stanley B.
Stanley B. Prusiner is an American biochemist and neurologist whose discovery in 1982 of disease-causing proteins......
Purkinje, Jan Evangelista
Jan Evangelista Purkinje was a pioneer Czech experimental physiologist whose investigations in the fields of histology,......
Ramazzini, Bernardino
Bernardino Ramazzini was an Italian physician, considered a founder of occupational medicine. A professor of medicine......
Ramsdell, Fred
Fred Ramsdell is an American biologist who was awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his......
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago
Santiago Ramón y Cajal was a Spanish histologist who (with Camillo Golgi) received the 1906 Nobel Prize for Physiology......
Ranvier, Louis-Antoine
Louis-Antoine Ranvier was a French histologist and pathologist whose dynamic approach to the study of minute anatomy......
Ratcliffe, Peter J.
Peter J. Ratcliffe is a British physician and scientist known for his research into the regulation of erythropoietin,......
Recklinghausen, Friedrich Daniel von
Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen was a German pathologist, best known for his descriptions of two disorders,......
Redi, Francesco
Francesco Redi was an Italian physician and poet who demonstrated that the presence of maggots in putrefying meat......
Reed, Walter
Walter Reed was a U.S. Army pathologist and bacteriologist who led the experiments that proved that yellow fever......
Reichstein, Tadeus
Tadeus Reichstein was a Swiss chemist who, with Philip S. Hench and Edward C. Kendall, received the Nobel Prize......
Remak, Robert
Robert Remak was a German embryologist and neurologist who discovered and named (1842) the three germ layers of......
Renaudot, Théophraste
Théophraste Renaudot was a physician and social-service administrator who, as the founder of France’s first newspaper,......
Restell, Madame
Madame Restell was a British-born abortionist and purveyor of contraceptives. Ann Trow was born into a poor family.......
Richards, Dickinson Woodruff
Dickinson Woodruff Richards was an American physiologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine......
Richardson, Dot
Dot Richardson is an American physician and a former softball player who was a member of Olympic gold-medal-winning......
Richet, Charles
Charles Richet was a French physiologist who won the 1913 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery......
Ricketts, Howard T.
Howard T. Ricketts was an American pathologist who discovered the causative organisms and mode of transmission......
Robbins, Frederick Chapman
Frederick Chapman Robbins was an American pediatrician and virologist who received (with John Enders and Thomas......
Roberts, Richard J.
Richard J. Roberts is a molecular biologist, the winner, with Phillip A. Sharp, of the 1993 Nobel Prize for Physiology......
Rockefeller, Winthrop
Winthrop Rockefeller was an American politician and philanthropist and a member of the famed Rockefeller family.......
Rodbell, Martin
Martin Rodbell was an American biochemist who was awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his......
Roget, Peter Mark
Peter Mark Roget was an English physician and philologist remembered for his Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases......
Rokitansky, Karl, Freiherr von
Karl, baron von Rokitansky was an Austrian pathologist whose endeavours to establish a systematic picture of the......
Rorschach, Hermann
Hermann Rorschach was a Swiss psychiatrist who devised the inkblot test that bears his name and that was widely......
Rosbash, Michael
Michael Rosbash is an American geneticist known for his discoveries concerning circadian rhythm, the cyclical 24-hour......
Rosling, Hans
Hans Rosling was a Swedish physician and statistician who collected statistics and used computer software, props,......
Ross, Sir Ronald
Sir Ronald Ross was a British doctor who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work......
Rothman, James E.
James E. Rothman is an American biochemist and cell biologist who discovered the molecular machinery involved in......
Rous, Peyton
Peyton Rous was an American pathologist whose discovery of cancer-inducing viruses earned him a share of the Nobel......
Rush, Benjamin
Benjamin Rush was an American physician and political leader, a member of the Continental Congress and a signer......
Rusk, Howard
Howard Rusk was an American physiatrist who is considered the founder of comprehensive rehabilitation medicine......
Rāzī, al-
al-Rāzī was a celebrated alchemist and Muslim philosopher who is also considered to have been the greatest physician......
Sabin, Albert Bruce
Albert Bruce Sabin was a Polish American physician and microbiologist best known for developing the oral polio......
Sabin, Florence Rena
Florence Rena Sabin was an American anatomist and investigator of the lymphatic system who was considered to be......
Sackler, Arthur M.
Arthur M. Sackler was an American physician, medical publisher, and art collector who made large donations of money......
Sacks, Oliver
Oliver Sacks was a British neurologist and writer who won acclaim for his sympathetic case histories of patients......
Safford, Mary Jane
Mary Jane Safford was an American physician whose extensive nursing experience during the Civil War determined......