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Al-Shanfarā was an outlaw warrior and poet from pre-Islamic Arabia, known for his lāmiyyah (a poem rhyming in the letter 'l'). His verses vividly depict the harsh realities of desert life, emphasizing ideals of bravery, revenge, and hospitality. Some scholars suggest his lāmiyyah might be a forgery by a later grammarian, raising questions about the authenticity of much pre-Islamic poetry. He is categorized among the shuʿlūk ("brigand") poets who adopted an anticommunal persona, living in solitude in the desert.12

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