Zbigniew Oleśnicki

Zbigniew Oleśnicki (born 1389, Sienno, Poland—died April 1, 1455, Sandomierz) was a Polish statesman and cardinal who was chief councillor to King Władysław II and regent of Poland (1434–47).

A member of the Polish noble house of Dębno of Oleśnica, he became the leading member of the royal Privy Council after he saved the king’s life at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. Olésnicki was ordained a priest in 1412 and was made bishop of Kraków in 1423. Representing the interests of the church and the nobility, he secured a limitation of royal power (March 1430) in exchange for the nobles’ recognition of the king’s young son Władysław as the heir to the throne, thereby beginning the Polish tradition of an elective monarchy. As regent after Władysław II’s death, Oleśnicki opposed the spread of the dissident Hussite religious movement in Poland, defeating the Hussite nobles in 1439. His appointment as the first Polish cardinal by Pope Eugenius IV in 1439 further strengthened his position. When Władysław III died (1444) while on a Crusade, the cardinal ruled the country until the king’s death could be proved and his younger brother, Grand Prince Casimir of Lithuania, ascended the throne as Casimir IV (1447).