Who commanded many of the military campaigns of the Sokoto jihad?

The military campaigns of the Sokoto jihad were primarily commanded by Usman dan Fodio's brother, Abdullahi dan Fodio, and his son, Muhammad Bello.1

While Usman dan Fodio provided the spiritual and intellectual leadership for the movement, he did not personally participate in military expeditions. Instead, he appointed commanders to lead the forces while he focused on the organization of the caliphate and the theoretical justification for the jihad. Abdullahi and Muhammad Bello, who were both scholars and men of action, served as the practical commanders of the jihad and later became joint viceroys of the empire, with Bello administering the eastern half from Sokoto and Abdullahi overseeing the western half from Gwandu.12