Viswanathan Anand

Viswanathan Anand (born December 11, 1969, Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India) is an Indian chess master who won the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE; International Chess Federation) World Championship in 2000, 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2012. Anand became known for quick tactical calculations, winning numerous “speed chess” titles and earning the nickname “the Lightning Kid.”

(Read Garry Kasparov’s Britannica essay on chess & Deep Blue.)

Early wins

Anand started learning to play chess from his mother when he was 6 years old. By the time he was 14, he had won the Indian National Sub-Junior Championship with a perfect score of nine wins in nine games. At age 15 he became the youngest Indian to earn the international master title. The following year he won the first of three consecutive national championships. At age 17 Anand became the first Asian to win a world chess title when he won the 1987 FIDE World Junior Championship, which is open to players who have not reached their 20th birthday by January 1 of the tournament year. Anand followed up that victory by earning the international grandmaster title in 1988. In 1991 he won his first major international chess tournament, finishing ahead of world champion Garry Kasparov and former world champion Anatoly Karpov. For the first time since the American Bobby Fischer abandoned the title in 1975, a non-Russian had emerged as a favorite to become world chess champion.

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Attaining the top spot

Throughout the 1990s Anand vied with Kasparov and Vladimir Kramnik for the position at the top of FIDE’s official chess rating list. Anand’s first attempt to win a FIDE world championship ended in 1991, when he lost in the quarterfinal to Karpov in the FIDE World Championship Knockout tournament. Because of the unusual format of the event, involving a series of short matches with quick time controls, it had been boycotted by many of the top players. The decision to use a knockout format sprang from FIDE’s difficulty in securing a prize fund to pay for the usual long sequence of championship. This situation followed Kasparov’s defection from FIDE to form a new organization, the Professional Chess Association (PCA; 1993–96). Anand got his next title shot in 1995, when he was ranked number two, behind Kasparov, but he lost the PCA championship match to Kasparov with a score of 1 win, 13 draws, and 4 losses. Anand’s next title shot came in 1998 against Karpov, who had reclaimed the FIDE title following Kasparov’s formation of the PCA. At the time of their match, Anand was ranked third, behind Kasparov and Kramnik but ahead of sixth-ranked Karpov. Anand first had to battle his way through the strongest sequence of knockout matches in chess history in order to play Karpov, who was directly seeded into the final match. The players drew the regular six-game match, with two wins apiece and two draws, but Karpov won the two “quick chess” tiebreaker games to win the match.

Anand broke through in 2000, winning the FIDE World Championship, which again featured knockout matches. Because of the tradition of having to beat the previous champion in a relatively long match, as well as misgivings about the short formats and quick time controls used in the knockout matches, many fans did not recognize Anand, or any of the FIDE champions after Kasparov, as legitimate. Anand finally achieved his place on the list of generally recognized world chess champions with his victory in the 2007 FIDE World Championship, a double round-robin tournament against most of the best players in the world. (In a double round-robin, each participant plays two games, one with the white pieces and one with the black pieces, against every other player.)

Acceptance of the legitimacy of this tournament as a title event resulted from a series of agreements between FIDE and Kramnik, who had become the “classical” world chess champion by defeating Kasparov in a match. In the agreements, FIDE recognized Kramnik as the classical champion, Kramnik agreed to defend his classical title against a FIDE challenger in a unification match, and both sides agreed that the winner of that match would put the unified title on the line in FIDE’s next championship tournament. In addition, FIDE guaranteed Kramnik a championship match against the tournament winner should he fail to win the event. Although Kramnik officially conceded the championship title after losing the tournament to Anand, he later expressed some reservations, stating, “At present, I take the view that I have just lent Anand the title temporarily.”

Anand defended his title against Kramnik in a 12-game match scheduled to run from October 14 to November 2, 2008, in Bonn, Germany. The match ended October 29, 2008, as Anand drew the 11th game to win the match with a score of 3 wins, 7 draws, and 1 loss. Anand retained his title as world champion in 2010, defeating Veselin Topalov of Bulgaria in the 12th and final game of their match. In 2012 he faced Boris Gelfand of Israel in the championship match. The two men were tied after the 12th game, but Anand won the rapid tiebreaker round to remain world champion. Anand defended his world champion title in 2013 against Magnus Carlsen of Norway, who won the scheduled 12-game tournament after the 10th game. The next year, Anand and Carlsen had a rematch for the world championship, which ended in victory for Carlsen.

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Awards and works

Anand became the first person to win the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna (“Sport Jewel”), India’s top sporting honor, for 1991–92. (It was later renamed the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna.) He was awarded the three Padma Awards—Padma Shri (1988), Padma Bhushan (2001), and Padma Vibhushan (2008)—some of India’s highest civilian honors. In 1998 Anand published a collection of his games, Vishy Anand: My Best Games of Chess, which he expanded with new games in 2001. In addition, he wrote Mind Master: Winning Lessons from a Champion’s Life (2019).