Utpal Dutt

Utpal Dutt (born March 29, 1929, Barisal, Bengal [now in Bangladesh]—died August 19, 1993, Calcutta [now Kolkata], India) was an Indian actor, director, writer, playwright, and a radical figure in Bengali theater and cinema for more than 40 years. He is perhaps best known for his political dramas, which he often produced on open-air stages in rural Bengal. As a scholar of theater history, he also published books on William Shakespeare and wrote essays on revolutionary theater and cinema.

First steps

Dutt began his first theater group, the Amateur Shakespeareans, while attending St. Xavier’s College in Calcutta (now Kolkata), where he and the other members performed scenes from Shakespeare. In 1947 the group’s performance of Richard III was attended by members of the traveling Shakespeareana theater company, led by English thespian Geoffrey Kendal, who was impressed by Dutt and hired him to tour with them. Dutt twice toured with the company (1947–49 and 1953–54) across India and Pakistan and was acclaimed for his passionate portrayal of Othello. He considered Kendal a mentor and credited the veteran stage performer’s strict teaching style for his development as a professional actor and intellectual.

Theater career

After his first tour with Shakespeareana, Dutt’s own theater troupe began performing professionally, mainly in West Bengal state, and changed its name to Little Theatre Group in 1949. Initially performing in English largely for educated urban audiences, the group later switched to staging plays exclusively in Bengali to reach a wider, working-class audience. Dutt directed and performed in adaptations of stage plays by playwrights such as Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw, Maxim Gorky, and Henrik Ibsen, as well as those of Bengali writers, including Rabindranath Tagore and Michael Madhusudan Dutt.

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Political plays and controversies

As a firm proponent of the revolutionary power of political theater who was also greatly influenced by Marxist ideology, Utpal Dutt wrote and directed politically controversial Bengali plays, notably Angar (1959; “Coal”), based on a real-life tragedy at an Indian coal mine. He was arrested in 1965 and detained for several months because the ruling Congress Party feared that his play Kallol (1963; “The Sound of Waves”) was provoking antigovernment protests in West Bengal, as the play slammed the party’s role in suppressing a mutiny by sailors of the Royal Indian Navy against the British in 1946. Dutt was arrested a second time, in 1967, for sympathizing with the Naxalite movement, a Maoist-inspired armed insurgency, through his play Tir (“The Arrow”). Having already committed to a film shoot at the time of his arrest, Dutt was pressured into securing his release by agreeing not to actively participate in politics until the shoot was over—a compromise that would draw consternation from members of his own theater group, who saw it as a betrayal of their shared ideals of leftist activism.

During the 1970s three of his plays—Barricade (1972), Dusswapner Nagari (1974; “The Nightmare City”), and Ebar Rajar Pala (1977; “Now It’s the King’s Turn”)—drew crowds despite being officially banned for their criticism of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her decision to declare a national emergency in 1975.

Throughout his career Dutt also wrote and performed in street theater that explored political themes. Many of these freewheeling dramas performed in public spaces were in aid of electoral campaigns of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Some of his best-known street plays include Special Train (1961), Samajtantrik Chal (1965; “Socialist Rice”), and Din Badaler Pala (1967; “A Play for Change”). Despite facing criticism, he viewed his theater as a “weapon of political propaganda” that could inspire social change in the masses.

When the Little Theatre Group disbanded in 1970, Dutt formed the People’s Little Theatre as its successor. About the same time, he briefly ran another theater group to explore jatra, a form of folk theater performed in the open air in rural parts of eastern India. The medium of jatra offered him even greater reach among farmers and workers, and he was instrumental in injecting a sense of political vigor into the art form.

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Films

Dutt was outspoken about the fact that he ventured into commercial films largely to fund his more serious theater projects. Filmmaker Madhu Bose watched Dutt perform in the title role in a production of Othello and offered him the title role in Michael Madhusudhan (1950), a biographical film on the eponymous Bengali poet. Dutt went on to appear in some 200 films and had considerable success as a director, particularly for Megh (1961; “Cloud”), Jhor (1978; “Storm”), and Maa (1984; “Mother”).

Although known in Hindi cinema for his comic roles in films such as Gol Maal (1979; “Confusion”) and Naram Garam (1981; “Soft and Hot”) and his villainous turns in movies such as The Great Gambler (1979) and Inquilaab (1984), Dutt also excelled in intense, dramatic roles and did some of his best work with the directors Satyajit Ray (Jana Aranya [1975; The Middleman] and Agantuk [1991; The Stranger]), Mrinal Sen (Bhuvan Shome [1969] and Chorus [1975]), and James Ivory (Shakespeare Wallah [1965] and The Guru [1969]).

Awards and recognition

Dutt was given a Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for best playwright for the play Ferari Fauj (1961; “The Elusive Rebels”) and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship for lifetime contribution to theater in 1990.

He won a National Film Award for Bhuvan Shome and three Filmfare best comedian awards, for his roles in films including Gol Maal and Naram Garam. He was presented the Bengal Film Journalists’ Association Award for best actor for Path O Prasad in 1992 and Agantuk in 1993.