Stephen Gardiner

Stephen Gardiner (born c. 1482, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, Eng.—died Nov. 12, 1555, London) was an English bishop and statesman, a leading exponent of conservatism in the first generation of the English Reformation. Although he supported the antipapal policies of King Henry VIII (ruled 1509–47), Gardiner rejected Protestant doctrine and ultimately backed the severe Roman Catholicism of Queen Mary I (ruled 1553–58).

The son of a clothmaker, he obtained his doctorate in civil and canon law from the University of Cambridge in 1520–21. Throughout a busy public life he maintained ties to Cambridge, serving as master of Trinity Hall 1525–49 and 1553–55. Gardiner became, in 1525, secretary to Henry VIII’s chief minister, Cardinal Wolsey, and in 1528–29 he was sent on missions to Pope Clement VII to negotiate for the annulment of Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon—the issue that was to cause Henry to break with Rome and declare himself head of the English Church. As a reward for his services Gardiner was made Henry’s principal secretary in 1529 and bishop of Winchester, the wealthiest see in England, in September 1531.

Gardiner, however, failed to earn the king’s trust; in 1532 Henry bypassed him to appoint as his archbishop of Canterbury the obscure Thomas Cranmer, who was to become a renowned Protestant reformer. Two years later Henry’s chief adviser, Thomas Cromwell, eased Gardiner out of his secretaryship. Thus the bishop became the inveterate enemy of both Cromwell and Cranmer. Gardiner recovered some favour at court by publishing his Episcopi de vera obedientia oratio (1535; “Bishop’s Speech on True Obedience”), a treatise attacking the papacy and upholding royal supremacy over the Church of England. In 1539, however, he led the conservative reaction that, through the Act of Six Articles, required all Englishmen to abide by the main tenets of Roman Catholic doctrine. Gardiner and his sometime colleague Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk, had a hand in bringing about Cromwell’s downfall in June 1540, and he then succeeded Cromwell as chancellor of Cambridge. Thereafter Henry kept Gardiner on his royal council in order to counter the Protestant sympathies of some of his other advisers, but he would not allow the bishop to bring Cranmer to trial on charges of heresy. Gardiner was also frustrated in his campaign to destroy Queen Catherine Parr, and Henry did not name him to the council of regency for his son Edward.

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During the rapid advance toward Protestantism that took place upon the accession of Edward VI, Gardiner was sent to prison for refusing to enforce Cranmer’s Reformist injunctions. Although released in January 1548, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London in June and remained there until Edward’s death (on July 6, 1553), being deprived of his bishopric late in 1550.

After the Catholic Mary I ascended the throne, Gardiner was restored to his see in August 1553 and appointed lord chancellor. Although he had become, in effect, chief minister of the realm, he was in a difficult position because he felt out of step in a court increasingly oriented toward Rome and—after Mary wed the Holy Roman emperor Charles V’s son Philip (King Philip II of Spain, 1556–98)—toward Spain. Gardiner approved the severe persecution of Protestants that began early in 1554, but to his credit he tried unsuccessfully to save Cranmer and others from the stake. He died two years before the persecutions ended. Gardiner had earned distinction for his legal and administrative talents; he was a powerful churchman but not a great spiritual leader.