• biblical literature

  / The chronology of Paul
• Damascus

  / Early centuries
• Acts of the Apostles
• Christianity

  / Evangelism: the first teaching about the God of Jesus Christ
• Stoicism

  / Stoic elements in Pauline and patristic thought
• relic
• St. Paul’s Contributions to the New Testament
• St. Polycarp

• Junius Gallio
• St. James
• St. John the Apostle
• St. Luke

  / Scriptural sources
• St. Mark
• St. Peter the Apostle

  / The position of Peter in the apostolic church
• St. Timothy
• St. Titus

• mission
• Jesus

  / God’s only Son
• Jesus

  / Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried
• Council of Jerusalem

• Judaism

  / Origin of Christianity: the early Christians and the Jewish community
• Judaism

  / Samuel Hirsch
• ancient Rome

  / The rise of Christianity

• St. Augustine

  / Confessions of St. Augustine
• Martin Luther

  / Indulgences and salvation
• The Protestant Heritage

  / Justification by grace through faith

• Christianity

  / First transition, to 500 ce
• Antioch
• Athens

  / The Byzantine and Turkish periods
• Cyprus

  / Early Christianity
• Malta

  / Early history
• Perga
• Véroia

• Adam and Eve
• Christianity

  / Conflict between order and charismatic freedom
• Christianity

  / The church and the Roman Empire
• Jesus

  / Ethics
• ethics

  / Ethics in the New Testament
• Christianity

  / The design (or teleological) argument
• Christianity

  / The Gentile mission and St. Paul
• glossolalia
• grace
• justification
• Jesus

  / The kingdom of God
• Christianity

  / The tendency toward asceticism
• Christianity

  / Early church
• natural law

  / Early formulations of the concept of natural law
• original sin
• predestination
• prophecy

  / New Testament and early Christianity
• Jesus

  / The Resurrection
• revelation

  / Christianity
• salvation

  / Nature
• Christianity

  / The problem of slavery and persecution
• gluttony
• dress

  / Female display

• Apostle
• saint

  / Saints as prophets and reformers

General works

Brief treatments of Paul’s life and thought are John Knox, Chapters in a Life of Paul, rev. ed., ed. by Douglas R.A. Hare (1987); Leander Keck, Paul and His Letters, 2nd ed., rev. and enlarged (1988); J.A. Ziesler, Pauline Christianity, rev. ed. (1990); E.P. Sanders, Paul (1991, reissued 2001); and Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, Paul: A Critical Life (1996). The chronology of Paul’s life is established in Gerd Luedemann (Gerd Lüdermann), Paul, Apostle to the Gentiles: Studies in Chronology (1984, originally published in German, 1980); and Robert Jewett, A Chronology of Paul’s Life (1979; also published as Dating Paul’s Life, 1979).

Social setting of Paul’s mission and churches

Paul’s social milieu is examined in Ronald F. Hock, The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship (1980); Gerd Theissen, The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth (1982, reissued 2004; originally published in German, 1979); Wayne A. Meeks, The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul, 2nd ed. (2003); and Abraham J. Malherbe, Social Aspects of Early Christianity, 2nd ed., enlarged (1983).

Paul’s thought

General introductions to Paul’s thought are Albert Schweitzer, The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle (1931, reissued 1998; originally published in German, 1930); J. Christiaan Becker, Paul the Apostle (1980); J. Louis Martyn, Theological Issues in the Letters of Paul (1997); and James D.G. Dunn, The Theology of Paul the Apostle (1998). Treatments of Paul and Judaism or Paul and Jewish law include W.D. Davies, Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: Some Rabbinic Elements in Pauline Theology, 4th ed. (1948, reissued 1998); Krister Stendahl, Paul Among Jews and Gentiles, and Other Essays (1976); and E.P. Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism (1977, reprinted 1989), and Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People (1983). Heikki Räisänen, Paul and the Law, 2nd ed., rev. and enlarged (1987); and Kari Kuula, Paul’s Polemical Treatment of the Law in Galatians (1999), vol. 1 of The Law, the Covenant, and God’s Plan, are of special importance. Useful studies of Pauline ethics are Victor Paul Furnish, Theology and Ethics in Paul (1968, reissued 1982); John M.G. Barclay, Obeying the Truth: A Study of Paul’s Ethics in Galatians, ed. by John Riches (1988); and Richard B. Hays, The Moral Vision of the New Testament (1996).

Commentaries

Commentaries on Paul’s letters are valuable sources of information about Paul’s life and thought, but most require knowledge of Greek. A few of the most important commentaries are C.E.B. Cranfield, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, 6th ed., entirely rewritten, 2 vol. (1975–79, reprinted with corrections, 1985–86); Hans Conzelmann, I Corinthians (1975; originally published in German, 1969); J.B. Lightfoot, Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians (1865, reissued as The Epistle of St. Paul to the Galatians, 1976); Hans Dieter Betz, Galatians (1979); and J. Louis Martyn, Galatians (1997, reissued 2004).