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Raoul Cédras was a Haitian general who led a military coup that ousted President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 1991. Aristide, a Roman Catholic priest and champion of the poor, had been democratically elected and initiated reforms that angered the elite and military. Following the coup, Cédras imposed martial law and repressed political opposition.123

The United States and other nations imposed a trade embargo, but tens of thousands of Haitians attempted to flee the country by boat, with many being returned. In September 1994, under threat of a U.S. invasion, Cédras agreed to step down, allowing Aristide to return to power and Cédras to go into exile. Aristide then dismantled the Haitian military.12

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