Peter Zumthor

Peter Zumthor (born April 26, 1943, Basel, Switzerland) is a Swiss architect known for his pure, austere structures, which have been described as timeless and poetic. These qualities were noted when he was awarded the 2009 Pritzker Architecture Prize.

Zumthor, the son of a furniture maker and master joiner, graduated from the Kunstgewerbeschule in Basel, Switzerland, in 1963, and in 1966 he continued his studies at the Pratt Institute in New York City. In 1979 he established a practice in Haldenstein, Switzerland. From the beginning, Zumthor purposefully kept his practice small so that he could be intimately involved with all elements of planning and construction. In his early Swiss commissions, such as the St. Benedict Chapel (1988) in Sumvitg, Zumthor established his respect for site and materials. The timber-construction chapel is tapered to the extreme shape of the site, which is high on a nearly vertical meadow. The simple timber shingles on the exterior speak to traditions in the region, but the rigid, massive austerity of the space is thoroughly modern. There, as with most of his work, natural light dramatically fills the space.

A commission to design the Therme Vals (1996) in Vals, Switzerland, presented Zumthor with a prime opportunity to create a series of varied spatial experiences. The structure, appearing like an enormous geometric rock carved within the hillside, is made from local quartz and concrete. The building’s entry is a dark tunnel, which frames a dramatic interior view of the site’s series of cubic spaces. Geometric windows carved in the granite exterior let in natural light, which interacts with the site’s pools of water to create shimmering, refracting effects. (There, water is another material that Zumthor used to maximum advantage.) At one end of the building, large windows frame a dramatic view of the mountain site. With this commission, Zumthor gained international attention for his blend of the monumental and the intimate and his masterful use of materials.

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Although sometimes classified as a minimalist because of the austerity of his spaces, Zumthor did not have a single style or material of choice. Instead, he reacted to the needs of each individual commission. For example, in the Kunsthaus (1997), an art museum in Bregenz, Austria, Zumthor created an airy glass cube that generates a translucent gray light. Each of the building’s four concrete stories has a glass ceiling, letting in natural light that is optimum for a gallery space. The pristine quality of the building makes it seem like a temple to art; he furthered this impression by housing the libraries, offices, shop, and café in a separate building, making the main structure strictly a space in which to view art. Among his other notable projects are the Spittelhof housing plan (1996) in Biel-Benken, Switzerland; a residential home for the elderly (1993) in Chur, Switzerland; the Swiss pavilion for Expo 2000 in Hannover, Germany; the Brother Klaus Field Chapel (2007) in Wachendorf, Germany; and the Kolumba art museum (2007) in Cologne, Germany.

Known for his slow, methodical approach, Zumthor worked on only a handful of projects throughout the 2010s. He designed the 2011 Serpentine Pavilion, London, which included a central garden by the Dutch landscape designer Piet Oudolf. Zumthor then built the Werkraum House (2013), Andelsbuch, Austria, an office and gallery for the Bregenzerwald Werkraum, a crafts and trade association. His buildings for the historic Allmannajuvet zinc mines in Sauda, Norway, included a café, a service building, and a museum (2016). The structures are perched on timber supports along one of Norway’s National Tourist Routes. On a different Norwegian path, Zumthor previously collaborated with artist Louise Bourgeois to create the Steilneset Memorial (2011), a monument in Vardø dedicated to those accused of witchcraft in the 17th century. Zumthor’s last project from the decade was Secular Retreat (2019), a “villa for the 21st century” on the Devon Moors in England. It was among a series of vacation homes commissioned by author Alain de Botton’s Living Architecture organization.

Zumthor taught at a variety of universities, including the Technical University in Munich, the Southern California Institute for Architecture in Los Angeles, and Tulane University in New Orleans. In addition to the Pritzker Architecture Prize, he won Denmark’s Carlsberg Prize for Architecture (1998), the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale (2008), and the gold medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects (2013).