- Born:
- Nov. 26, 1894, Columbia, Mo., U.S.
- Died:
- March 18, 1964, Stockholm, Swed. (aged 69)
- Awards And Honors:
- National Medal of Science (1963)
Norbert Wiener
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Who was Norbert Wiener?
Norbert Wiener (1894–1964) was an American mathematician who founded cybernetics. He earned international recognition for his significant contributions to 20th-century mathematics.
A child prodigy, Wiener graduated from Tufts College at 14 and earned a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1913. During World War II, his work on aiming gunfire at moving targets led to the theory of stationary time series prediction. His 1948 book, Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, gained widespread popularity and influenced control theory, automation, and computer programs. Wiener continued to contribute to various subjects, including mathematical prediction theory and quantum theory.
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What did Norbert Wiener study and work on?
Norbert Wiener was an American mathematician who established cybernetics, achieving international recognition for his contributions to 20th-century mathematics.
During World War II, Wiener worked on aiming gunfire at moving targets, which led to his co-discovery, with Andrey Kolmogorov, of the theory on the prediction of stationary time series. His work introduced statistical methods to control and communications engineering and led him to formulate the concept of cybernetics. In 1923, Wiener provided the first mathematically rigorous treatment of Brownian motion.
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What is cybernetics, and how is it related to Norbert Wiener?
Cybernetics is control theory applied to complex systems. It uses models where a monitor compares a system's status at different times with a standard, and a controller adjusts the system's behavior accordingly.
Norbert Wiener, an American mathematician, is credited with establishing cybernetics as an independent science. He defined cybernetics as "the science of control and communications in the animal and machine." His 1948 book, Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, became very popular and cemented his reputation in the broader scientific community.
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How did Norbert Wiener's work influence computers and technology?
Norbert Wiener, an American mathematician, is credited with establishing cybernetics. His work aimed at directing gunfire at moving targets during World War II led to his co-discovery of the theory on the prediction of stationary time series and, later, to his conceptualization of cybernetics.
Cybernetics is interdisciplinary, based on relationships between humans and machines. Wiener's Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948) introduced the concept, which is now used in control theory, automation theory, and computer programs to reduce human involvement in time-consuming tasks. Wiener promoted and researched cybernetics throughout his life, contributing significantly to the foundations of modern computing and automation.
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What are some important books or theories created by Norbert Wiener?
Norbert Wiener, the American mathematician who founded cybernetics, is known for his theoretical contributions and books.
Key works:
* Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Published in 1948, this book introduced cybernetics to a broad audience, defining it as "the science of control and communications in the animal and machine".
* Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series. This work, which first appeared as a classified report, established Wiener as a co-discoverer of the theory on the prediction of stationary time series.
* The Human Use of Human Beings. (rev. ed., 1954). In this book, Wiener discussed the implications of mathematics for public and private affairs.
* God and Golem, Inc.: A Comment on Certain Points Where Cybernetics Impinges on Religion (1964). Wiener examines the relationship between cybernetics and religion.2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
How does Norbert Wiener's legacy affect science and engineering today?
Norbert Wiener, the American mathematician who founded cybernetics, significantly impacts science and engineering today. Cybernetics, defined as the science of control and communication in animals and machines, is interdisciplinary. Wiener's work led to the introduction of statistical methods in control and communications engineering and influenced automation theory and computer programs, reducing human involvement in time-consuming computations and decision-making. Cybernetics is used in control theory and automation across technical, biological, and social systems.
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Norbert Wiener (born Nov. 26, 1894, Columbia, Mo., U.S.—died March 18, 1964, Stockholm, Swed.) was an American mathematician who established the science of cybernetics. He attained international renown by formulating some of the most important contributions to mathematics in the 20th century.
Wiener, a child prodigy whose education was controlled by his father, a professor of Slavonic languages and literature at Harvard University, graduated in mathematics from Tufts College (now Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts) in 1909 at the age of 14. He spent a year at Harvard as a graduate student in zoology but left after he found that he was inept at laboratory work. At his father’s suggestion, he began to study philosophy, and he completed a Ph.D. at Harvard in 1913 with a dissertation on mathematical logic.
On a grant from Harvard, Wiener went first to England, to study mathematical logic at the University of Cambridge under Bertrand Russell, and then to the University of Göttingen in Germany, to study with David Hilbert. On the advice of Russell, he also began a serious study of general mathematics, in which he was strongly influenced by Russell, by the English pure mathematician Godfrey Hardy, and to a lesser extent by Hilbert. He published his first paper in the mathematical journal Messenger of Mathematics in 1913 at Cambridge.
When World War I broke out, he tried to enlist but was rejected because of poor eyesight. For five years he tried a variety of occupations. He was a teacher at the University of Maine, a writer for an encyclopaedia, an apprentice engineer, a journalist of sorts, and a mathematician at the Aberdeen (Maryland) Proving Grounds. Finally, in 1919, he was hired as an instructor by the mathematics department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a department with no real tradition of scholarship or research at that time. It turned out, however, to have been the right move for Wiener, for he had entered upon an extremely productive period, just as MIT itself was beginning to develop into a great centre of learning in science and technology. Wiener remained on the MIT faculty until his retirement.
During the 1920s Wiener did highly innovative and fundamental work on what are now called stochastic processes and, in particular, on the theory of Brownian motion and on generalized harmonic analysis, as well as significant work on other problems of mathematical analysis. In 1933 Wiener was elected to the National Academy of Sciences but soon resigned, repelled by some of the aspects of institutionalized science that he encountered there.
During World War II Wiener worked on the problem of aiming gunfire at a moving target. The ideas that evolved led to Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series (1949), which first appeared as a classified report and established Wiener as a codiscoverer, with the Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov, of the theory on the prediction of stationary time series. It introduced certain statistical methods into control and communications engineering and exerted great influence in these areas. This work also led him to formulate the concept of cybernetics.
In 1948 his book Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine was published. For a scientific book it was extremely popular, and Wiener became known in a much broader scientific community. Cybernetics is interdisciplinary in nature; based on common relationships between humans and machines, it is used today in control theory, automation theory, and computer programs to reduce many time-consuming computations and decision-making processes formerly done by human beings. Wiener worked at cybernetics, philosophized about it, and propagandized for it the rest of his life, all the while keeping up his research in other areas of mathematics.
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After the war Wiener continued to contribute new ideas to widely divergent subjects, including mathematical prediction theory and quantum theory, providing the latter a possible solution to a difficulty that had been debated by the physicists Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein. Applying his theoretical description of Brownian motion to quantum phenomena, he showed how quantum theory, to the extent that it is based on probability, is consistent with other branches of science. In 1963 Wiener was awarded the National Medal of Science; he was presented with the medal a few weeks before his death the following year.
Wiener wrote many other works. He discussed the implications of mathematics for public and private affairs in The Human Use of Human Beings (rev. ed., 1954) and God and Golem, Inc.: A Comment on Certain Points Where Cybernetics Impinges on Religion (1964). Wiener also completed two volumes of autobiography, Ex-Prodigy (1953) and I Am a Mathematician (1956).