Nicholas II: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- Russian EmpireNicholas II
- RussiaRevolutionary activities
- Soviet UnionLate tsarist Russia
- Soviet UnionWar Communism
- Duma
- October Manifesto
- Progressive Bloc
- Romanov dynasty
- Russian Civil WarAssassination of the tsar and the battle for Ukraine
- Eastern OrthodoxyThe church in imperial Russia
- Russian Revolution of 1905
- history of EuropeReform and reaction in eastern Europe
- Russian RevolutionWorld War I and the decline of the Russian Empire
- Russian Provisional GovernmentCollapse of the Russian Empire
- FinlandThe struggle for independence
Additional Reading
Dominic Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias (1993; reissued 1996), is a sympathetic, detailed biography. Also of interest is Marc Ferro, Nicholas II: The Last of the Tsars (1991, reissued 1994; originally published in French, 1990). Andrew M. Verner, The Crisis of Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution (1990), is an authoritative study of his early reign. More popular is Robert K. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra (1967, reissued 2000). The fullest study of the Romanov family’s fate, based on 160 documents drawn from Russian archives, is Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalëv, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution (1995). Also useful are Edvard Radzinsky, The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II, trans. from Russian (1992); and Hélène Carrère d’Encausse, Nicholas II: The Interrupted Transition (2000; originally published in French, 1996).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anniversary information added. | Jul 13, 2026 | ||
| Anniversary information added. | May 14, 2026 | ||
| “Turkish straits” changed to “Turkish Straits” and cross-reference added. | May 01, 2026 | ||
| Invalidated site: Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Nicholas. | Apr 24, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: ABC listen - The Science Show - Killing Tsar Nicholas. | Mar 26, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: World History Encyclopedia - Tsar Nicholas II: Last of the Romanovs. | Dec 02, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: UAB Digital Commons - From the Disarmament Proposition of 1898 to the Willy-Nicky Telegrams: Looking at Nicholas II as Peacemaker of Europe (PDF). | Aug 21, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Heritage History - Russia Under the Present Czar, Nicholas II. | Jun 20, 2025 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Feb 18, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: BBC - The History Hour - The Killing of the Russian Tsar. | Dec 20, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Academia - Nicholas II, 1894-1917: The Collapse of Autocracy. | Oct 29, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Tsar Nicholas II. | Aug 23, 2024 | ||
| First paragraph modernization. | Mar 28, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: 1914-1918 online - International Encyclopedia of the First World War - Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia. | Sep 04, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Nicholas II. | Nov 08, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: British Library - Nicholas II of Russia. | Aug 23, 2022 | ||
| Media added. | Jan 28, 2021 | ||
| Add new Web site: Facts about Famous People - Czar Nicholas II Facts and Biography. | Jan 28, 2019 | ||
| Changed the death date from "July 16/17" to "July 17" and added the uncertainty regarding the date. | Jul 19, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Alpha History - Biography of Tsar Nicholas II. | Dec 12, 2016 | ||
| Changed "Francis Ferdinand" to "Franz Ferdinand." | Nov 12, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Spartacus Educational - Biography of Tsar Nicholas II. | Sep 09, 2015 | ||
| Added video. | Dec 31, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Spartacus Educational - Biography of Tsar Nicholas II. | Apr 20, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: RT Russiapedia - Biography of Nicholas II. | Apr 20, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Nicholas. | Sep 08, 2013 | ||
| Added photograph. | Jun 03, 2011 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Oct 02, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Oct 02, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Jun 13, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Nicholas II. | Feb 04, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: World War I - Biography of Czar Nicholas II. | Feb 04, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Firstworldwar.com - Biography of Tsar Nicholas II. | Jan 18, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | May 11, 2007 | ||
| Article revised. | Mar 29, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Sep 12, 2003 | ||
| Article revised. | Dec 21, 2001 | ||
| Article revised. | Nov 17, 2000 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |