Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov

…by the “hangman of Vilnius,” Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov; the new viceroy in Poland, Teodor Berg, similarly imposed a harsh regime in Warsaw; and Russian efforts (begun in the summer of 1863) to win the peasants’ loyalty by granting reforms provided added incentive for the peasantry to abandon the rebels. Although…

…Lithuania the brutal governor Mikhail Muravyov was nicknamed “the hangman.” The post-1863 period marked the beginning of a final parting of the ways between the Poles and the Lithuanians and Ukrainians (the latter also were undergoing a national revival), but in the long run Russian policies did not accomplish their…