- In full:
- Marie Maynard Daly Clark
- Born:
- April 16, 1921, Queens, New York, U.S.
- Died:
- October 28, 2003, New York
Marie Maynard Daly
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Who was Marie Maynard Daly?
Marie Maynard Daly (1921–2003) was an American biochemist whose work contributed to the advancement of molecular biology, cell metabolism, and cardiovascular disease research. She holds the distinction of being the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States.
After earning her doctorate, Daly taught physical science at Howard University for two years. In 1948, she received a grant from the American Cancer Society for a postdoctoral fellowship at the Rockefeller Institute, now Rockefeller University. Her research there focused on the cell nucleus and metabolic processes, providing insights into histones, DNA-binding proteins, and chromosome structure. She also researched the proportions of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and the involvement of RNA in protein synthesis.
In 1955, Daly returned to Columbia University, shifting her focus to biomedical experimentation. Her studies on rats revealed a connection between high cholesterol levels and conditions like hypertension and blocked arteries. Later, as a professor of biochemistry at Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University, she researched factors intensifying hypertension, studied an enzyme involved in creatine production in muscle cells, and analyzed the effects of cigarette smoke on the lungs.
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What is biochemistry, the field Marie Maynard Daly worked in?
Biochemistry explores the chemical processes and substances in microorganisms, plants, and animals, including changes during their development and life. It is the chemistry of life, drawing from organic, analytical, and physical chemistry, as well as the study of the molecular basis of vital processes from physiologists.
Biochemistry studies metabolism, which includes the buildup of complex molecules and the degradation of substances to gain energy. Metabolism relies on enzymes, which depend on a cell's genetic components. Biochemistry is used to study drug action, chemical changes in disease, and other aspects of medicine, as well as agriculture, and genetics.
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What important first did Marie Maynard Daly achieve in her education?
Marie Maynard Daly's most important first in education is that she was the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States. She obtained this degree from Columbia University in 1947 after completing her thesis in under three years. Her work at Columbia was under the guidance of chemist Mary Caldwell.
Before her doctoral studies, Daly's academic journey included a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Queens College in 1942 and a master’s degree from New York University in 1943.
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What scientific research is Marie Maynard Daly best known for?
Marie Maynard Daly (1921–2003) was an American biochemist. Her research spanned molecular biology, cell metabolism, and cardiovascular disease. Daly's work provided insight into histones, proteins that bind to DNA and determine chromosome shape. She researched the proportions of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and the involvement of RNA in protein synthesis.
Later, Daly's focus shifted to biomedical experimentation. Her studies revealed a connection between high cholesterol levels and conditions like hypertension and blocked arteries. She further researched factors, such as age, that could intensify hypertension, analyzed an enzyme involved in creatine production in muscle cells, and studied the effects of cigarette smoke on the lungs.
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How did her research help us understand heart disease?
Marie Maynard Daly's research significantly contributed to understanding cardiovascular disease. Her studies on rats revealed a connection between high cholesterol levels and conditions like hypertension and blocked arteries. In 1958, Daly became an investigator for the American Heart Association. Her research also explored factors that could intensify hypertension, such as age, and she analyzed how cigarette smoke affects the lungs.
Daly's work helped to highlight the complicated relationship between diet and chronic diseases, emphasizing that risk factors like elevated blood cholesterol and high blood pressure can predict the likelihood of dying from heart disease. Her findings underscored the importance of managing modifiable risk factors through diet and lifestyle changes.
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How did Marie Maynard Daly’s achievements inspire future scientists?
Marie Maynard Daly's work in molecular biology, cell metabolism, and cardiovascular disease has inspired future scientists. As the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry in the U.S., she paved the way for women and people of color in STEM.
Daly's research provided key insights into the composition and function of histones, which bind to DNA and determine the shape of chromosomes. She also studied the proportions of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and the role of RNA in protein synthesis. Her later work revealed links between high cholesterol levels and conditions like hypertension and blocked arteries, and she also researched factors that intensify hypertension and the effects of cigarette smoke on the lungs.
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Marie Maynard Daly (born April 16, 1921, Queens, New York, U.S.—died October 28, 2003, New York) was an American biochemist whose research helped advance the fields of molecular biology, cell metabolism, and cardiovascular disease. Daly was the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. degree in chemistry in the United States.
Education
Daly’s parents cultivated her academic inclinations. Her father, who had immigrated to the United States from the West Indies, studied chemistry as an undergraduate at Cornell University (financial concerns prevented him from completing a degree). Her mother read aloud to her frequently, and books such as Microbe Hunters (1926), by American microbiologist Paul de Kruif, contributed to her interest in science. Daly attended Hunter College High School on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, which at the time was a laboratory school for girls that was operated by Hunter College.
Daly carried out her undergraduate studies at Queens College, City University of New York. There she joined the American Chemical Society, and in 1942 she graduated with a bachelor’s degree in chemistry. The following year, while working as a laboratory assistant at Queens, she earned a master’s degree from New York University. She subsequently spent a year working as a chemistry tutor at Queens before being accepted to a graduate program at Columbia University. At Columbia she worked in the laboratory of chemist Mary Caldwell, who was the first female assistant professor in the university’s Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Daly finished her thesis in under three years and earned a Ph.D. degree in chemistry in 1947. Her thesis examined the mechanisms by which the digestive enzyme amylase changes cornstarch into sugar.
Career
After receiving the doctorate, Daly taught physical science at Howard University in Washington, D.C., for two years. In 1948 the American Cancer Society awarded her a grant to support a postdoctoral fellowship at the Rockefeller Institute (now Rockefeller University) in New York City. There she joined the lab of molecular biologist Alfred E. Mirsky and spent the next seven years delving into research that focused primarily on the cell nucleus and metabolic processes within the nucleus. Daly’s work provided insight into the composition and function of proteins known as histones, which bind to DNA and dictate the shape of chromosomes. In addition, she published research regarding the proportions of the nucleotides known as purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and investigated the involvement of RNA in protein synthesis.
Daly returned to Columbia University in 1955 to teach biochemistry and to undertake research at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. There her focus shifted to biomedical experimentation. Studies that she conducted on rats revealed an association between high levels of cholesterol and conditions such as hypertension (elevated blood pressure) and blocked arteries. In 1958 Daly became an investigator for the American Heart Association. Two years later she left her position at Columbia to join the faculty of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University as a professor of biochemistry. She married physician Vincent Clark in 1961 and added his surname to hers. As a biochemistry professor, Marie Maynard Daly Clark published research discussing factors that could intensify hypertension, such as age. Other projects included her evaluation of an enzyme involved in producing the amino acid creatine in muscle cells and her analysis of how cigarette smoke affects the lungs. Clark received tenure at the college in 1971 and worked there until her retirement in 1986.
Legacy and honors
Clark displayed a dedication to uplifting minority students in science. At Einstein she contributed to the Martin Luther King−Robert F. Kennedy Program, which promoted the recruitment of African American students. Her advocacy continued with her participation in a 1975 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) conference that examined the experiences of women of color in science. In 1988 Clark instituted a Queens College scholarship commemorating her parents that was intended to fund the education of African American students in science.
Clark was recognized for her achievements with various honors. In 1999 the National Technical Association identified her as one of its Top 50 Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology. In 2016, administrators at a new elementary school in Queens announced that the school would be named after Clark. She was a fellow of the AAAS (1966).
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