Malcolm X: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
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Additional Reading
Malcolm X and Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965, reissued 2001), is the classic work and still the best single source on Malcolm X’s life and views. Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (2011), is a scholarly supplement to that work. George Breitman (ed.), Malcolm X Speaks (1965, reissued 1990), is a collection of speeches from Malcolm’s final years, which gives insight into his speaking style and wit. Claybourne Carson, Malcolm X: The FBI File (1991), discusses the FBI’s concerns about Malcolm’s radicalism and its attempts to disrupt African American and anti-war organizations in the 1960s and ’70s.
Malcolm has been the subject of numerous biographical studies, including Louis A. DeCaro, On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X (1996), which focuses on the religious aspects of Malcolm’s life and is based on interviews with family members; Michael Friedly, Malcolm X: The Assassination (1992), which examines the theories and circumstances of Malcolm’s assassination; James H. Cone, Malcolm & Martin & America: A Dream or a Nightmare (1991), an excellent comparison of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.; Bruce Perry, Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America (1991), a psychoanalytic study that is also based on interviews with close associates of Malcolm; and Peter Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X (1979), a study by a journalist who knew Malcolm X personally, focusing on the last two years of Malcolm’s life and the split with Elijah Muhammad.
A general study of Malcolm and the Nation of Islam is Lawrence H. Mamiya, “From Black Muslim to Bilalian: The Evolution of a Movement,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 121:138–152 (1982). Michael A. Koszegi and J. Gordon Melton (eds.), Islam in North America: A Sourcebook (1992), uses Malcolm’s life to interpret the split in the Nation of Islam between the African American Muslim movements led by Wallace Muhammad and Louis Farrakhan; and C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America (1963), is the authorized study of the Nation of Islam by the only scholar who received Elijah Muhammad’s permission to chronicle the movement.
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
- Lawrence A. Mamiya
-
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Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified title of Web site: Muslims in Brooklyn - A Short History of Black American Islam (PDF). | Sep 28, 2026 | ||
| Anniversary information added. | May 15, 2026 | ||
| Added cross-reference. | Apr 15, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Museum of African American History and Culture - Who Was Malcolm X? | Mar 27, 2026 | ||
| Anniversary information added. | Feb 17, 2026 | ||
| Replaced media. | Jan 27, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: BBC - Who Was Michael X? - Malcolm X. | Jan 01, 2026 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Mar 14, 2025 | ||
| Cross-references added. | Sep 10, 2024 | ||
| First paragraph modernization. | Mar 25, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Muslims in Brooklyn - A Short History of Black American Islam (PDF). | Nov 10, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Park Service - Places of Malcolm X. | Jul 03, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Stanford University - Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute - Malcolm X. | Nov 30, 2022 | ||
| Corrected location of the former Audubon Ballroom from “Harlem” to “Washington Heights.” | Jan 26, 2022 | ||
| Noted that two men convicted of killing Malcolm X were exonerated. | Nov 18, 2021 | ||
| Add new Web site: Wesleyan University - Malcolm X: Life and Death 1925-1965. | Mar 13, 2021 | ||
| Revised titles of select article sections. | Oct 22, 2020 | ||
| Changed “black” to “Black” throughout article. | Jul 27, 2020 | ||
| Media added. | Feb 05, 2020 | ||
| Fixed typo. | Sep 05, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Facts about Famous People - Malcolm X Facts and Biography. | Mar 11, 2019 | ||
| Media added. | Mar 30, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: PBS LearningMedia - Malcolm X. | Feb 17, 2017 | ||
| Revised account of his schooling. |
|
Mar 04, 2016 | |
| Add new Web site: The History Learning Site - Biography of Malcolm X. | Oct 30, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: United States History - Biography of Malcolm X. | Oct 30, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: African American Registry - Biography of Malcolm X. | Oct 29, 2014 | ||
| Added the name of Malcolm's half sister with whom he lived in Boston. |
|
Mar 18, 2014 | |
| Add new Web site: UShistory.org - Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam. | Apr 21, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Spartacus Educational - Biography of Malcolm X. | Sep 30, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Fact Monster - People - Biography of Malcolm X. | Sep 30, 2011 | ||
| Bibliography updated. | Sep 15, 2011 | ||
| Deleted video. | Sep 14, 2011 | ||
| Added excerpt from 1960 television interview. | Jan 26, 2010 | ||
| Media added. | May 12, 2008 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised. | Jun 07, 2007 | ||
| Bibliography revised. | Jun 06, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Colorado State University - Muslim Student Association - Biography of Malcolm X. | Jan 29, 2007 | ||
| Article revised. | Apr 07, 2005 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | May 04, 1999 |