Mahmud Muzaffar Shah

Mahmud Muzaffar Shah (born 1823, Trengganu, Riau—died July 1864, Pahang) was the last sultan of Riau (Riouw) and Lingga (archipelagoes south of Singapore), whose deposition cleared the way for Dutch colonial control. Mahmud was crowned sultan in 1834, and, when the regency of his father ended in 1841, he resolved to restore the power wielded by his predecessors. He had the tacit support of the east coast Malay states to the north and particularly of...