Mabel Walker Willebrandt

Mabel Walker Willebrandt (born May 23, 1889, Woodsdale, Kansas, U.S.—died April 6, 1963, Riverside, California) was an American lawyer who served as assistant attorney general of the United States from 1921 to 1929 during the Prohibition era. She was notorious for relentlessly enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment—the prohibition against the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages—earning herself such nicknames as “Prohibition Portia” and “First Lady of the Law.”

Willebrandt attended night classes at the law school of the University of Southern California, earning a bachelor’s degree in 1916 and a master’s in 1917. Needing to support her own schooling, she taught and eventually became an elementary school principal. Her earliest experience in law was as a public defender for women in Los Angeles, starting in 1916. She was the first female public defender in Los Angeles, as well as the first public defender to handle only women’s cases. She acted as counsel on more than 2,000 cases and compiled an outstanding record. After completing her master’s degree, Willebrandt and two male classmates from law school started a private practice that handled primarily civil cases.

Given Willebrandt’s record as a public defender, Frank Doherty, her mentor and law school professor, recommended her to Progressive California Senator Hiram Johnson to be considered for a legal position in the cabinet of U.S. President Warren G. Harding. In 1921 Harding appointed her assistant attorney general, a position that made her the highest-ranking woman in the federal government and the second woman to hold that position. She was tasked with overseeing federal tax laws and the federal prison system and with enforcing the recently passed Volstead Act (1919), the law that called for the implementation of Prohibition.

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Though today she is better known for her efforts to apprehend Prohibition violators, Willebrandt’s contributions to reforming the federal prison system were equally—or, arguably, more—significant. Willebrandt was largely responsible for establishing the first federal reformatory for young male first-time offenders; it opened in Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1926. With increasing numbers of women being prosecuted and imprisoned for violating Prohibition laws, Willebrandt recognized the need for single-sex prisons. She fought for a federal prison for women; the first one in the country opened in Alderson, West Virginia, in 1927. She pushed for inmate employment, which resulted in the establishment of a shoe factory at Leavenworth maximum-security federal prison in Kansas. She gained a reputation for rooting out corruption within the federal prison system. For those and other achievements, she was recognized with a medal from the National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor in 1925.

While making those significant strides toward prison reform, Willebrandt was also working to uphold Prohibition laws. Though not an active supporter of the Volstead Act prior to becoming assistant attorney general, she was determined to enforce it, and she went “dry” once in office. However, Willebrandt had virtually no supporters within the Harding administration, including her own superior, Attorney General Harry Daugherty. (He was closely affiliated with a corrupt circle of federal employees and was nearly put on trial in 1922 for deceptive and fraudulent activity.) Though fighting a thankless battle and attempting to enforce a law that seemed futile, Willebrandt accomplished several key measures. She curtailed smuggling along the Florida coast by lobbying for an expansion of the Coast Guard in order to intercept rumrunners before they reached U.S. shores. She also brought down two of the largest bootlegging operations in the country—one in Mobile, Alabama, and the other in Savannah, Georgia. She tried “the Big Four” of Savannah for tax evasion (her other purview) while simultaneously digging up information on their bootlegging business.

Willebrandt resigned her position as assistant attorney general in 1929. She had campaigned vigorously for the election of Herbert Hoover to the presidency; he won but hired someone else as attorney general. She had also withstood much negative press for her work on behalf of Prohibition in the late 1920s. Thus, she left the Justice Department for private practice, opening offices in Washington, D.C., and in Los Angeles, specializing in radio law and aviation law. She aided in the early efforts for regulation of the airline industry and became the American Bar Association’s first female committee chairperson when, in 1938, she was appointed to head the committee on aeronautical law (through 1942).

Her residence in Los Angeles gave her many connections in the movie industry. Her friendship with Louis B. Mayer landed her the production company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a client. Mayer in turn connected her to stars such as Jean Harlow, Clark Gable, and Jeanette MacDonald, all of whom became clients. Willebrandt also represented the Screen Directors Guild for nearly 20 years, defending it through the Joseph McCarthy-led Red Scare of the 1950s and helping to draft its “oath of loyalty.”

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Willebrandt continued to practice law in declining health until a year before she died from lung cancer. Though she had been one of the most famous women in America, she more or less slipped into obscurity until interest in her was revived with a character based on her (Esther Randolph, played by Julianne Nicholson) in the television show Boardwalk Empire (2010–14).