M. Stanley Livingston
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M. Stanley Livingston was an American physicist who played a key role in the development of particle accelerators. He demonstrated the principle of the cyclotron in 1931 and, along with Ernest O. Lawrence, announced the acceleration of protons to over 1 MeV in 1932. Later, in 1952, Livingston, Ernest D. Courant, and H.S. Snyder demonstrated the technique of alternating-gradient focusing, which significantly reduced the size of magnets needed for synchrotrons. Particle accelerators are devices used to produce beams of fast-moving, electrically charged particles for fundamental research in physics, as well as for applications like radiation therapy and industrial radiography.12
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cyclotronphysicists Ernest Orlando Lawrence and M. Stanley Livingston. A cyclotron consists of two hollow semicircular electrodes, called dees, mounted back to back, separated by a narrow gap, in an evacuated chamber between the poles of a magnet. An electric field, alternating in polarity, is created in the gap by a…
Read Morephysicists Ernest Orlando Lawrence and M. Stanley Livingston. A cyclotron consists of two hollow semicircular electrodes, called dees, mounted back to back, separated by a narrow gap, in an evacuated chamber between the poles of a magnet. An electric field, alternating in polarity, is created in the gap by a…
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particle acceleratorHistoryLawrence’s student M.S. Livingston demonstrated the principle of the cyclotron in 1931, producing 80-keV ions; in 1932 Lawrence and Livingston announced the acceleration of protons to more than 1 MeV. Later in the 1930s, cyclotron energies reached about 25 MeV and Van de Graaff generators about 4…
Read MoreLawrence’s student M.S. Livingston demonstrated the principle of the cyclotron in 1931, producing 80-keV ions; in 1932 Lawrence and Livingston announced the acceleration of protons to more than 1 MeV. Later in the 1930s, cyclotron energies reached about 25 MeV and Van de Graaff generators about 4…
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