Ludwig Börne

…ill-advised book on the late Ludwig Börne (1786–1837), the leader of the German radicals in Paris, in which Heine attempted to defend his own more subtle stand against what he thought of as the shallowness of political activism; but the arrogance and ruthlessness of the book alienated all camps.

Heinrich Laube, Georg Herwegh, Ludwig Börne, and Heinrich Heine were also associated with the movement. They were identified collectively as Young Germany in a resolution of the Diet of the German Confederation passed on Dec. 10, 1835, which demanded the suppression of their writings by strict censorship in all…