Ludvig Holberg, Baron Holberg

Ludvig Holberg, Baron Holberg (born December 3, 1684, Bergen, Norway—died January 28, 1754, Copenhagen, Denmark) was the outstanding Scandinavian literary figure of the Enlightenment period, claimed by both Norway and Denmark as one of the founders of their literatures.

Orphaned as a child, Holberg lived with relatives in Bergen until the city was destroyed by fire in 1702, when he was sent to the University of Copenhagen. Longing to see the world, he set out for Holland (1704) after taking his degree, but he fell ill at Aachen and, having few resources, had to make his way back to Norway on foot. After working as a French tutor, he set out again in 1706 for London and Oxford, where he studied for two years, supporting himself by giving lessons on the flute and violin. While there, he must have begun his Introduction til de fornemste europæiske rigers historie (“Introduction to the History of Leading European Nations”), which was not published until 1711, when he was back in Denmark. It led to his receiving a royal grant that permitted him to study and travel.

Holberg accordingly set out in 1714 and visited, chiefly on foot, many of the great cities of Europe. In 1716 he returned to Denmark, where he published an unoriginal work on natural law and natural rights, Introduction til natur- og folke-rettens kundskab (“Introduction to Natural and International Law”). His pecuniary troubles ended at last in 1717, when he was appointed professor of metaphysics and logic at the University of Copenhagen. In 1720 he was promoted to the chair of Latin literature, and he was to obtain the chair of history in 1730.

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Poetry: First Lines

Seized with a “poetic fit,” Holberg began to create, under the pseudonym Hans Mikkelsen, an entirely new class of humorous literature. His seriocomic epic Peder Paars (1719), a parody of Virgil’s Aeneid, was the earliest classic of the Danish language. In 1722 the first Danish-language theatre was opened in Copenhagen, and Holberg began to produce, with astonishing rapidity, the steady flow of comedies that resulted in his being called the “Molière of the North.” Their freshness is such that many are still performed on the Danish and Norwegian stages. Among the best are Den politiske kandestøber (1722; The Political Tinker), Den vægelsindede (1723; The Scatterbrain), Jean de France (1723), Jeppe på bjerget (1723; Jeppe of the Hill), Ulysses von Ithacia (1725), Den stundesløse (1731; The Fussy Man), and Erasmus Montanus (1731). Most of the above plays have been translated into English in Jeppe of the Hill and Other Comedies (1990); a translation of Den vægelsindede appears in Three Danish Comedies (1999); and Den stundesløse is translated in Four Plays by Holberg (1946). These plays’ characters are often stock types, based on the Miles Gloriosus (braggart soldier) of Plautus or on the cuckold Sganarelle of Molière, but the manners are Danish with some Norwegian traits, and the targets of Holberg’s satire are both contemporary and universal. A favourite target was the pretensions, jargon, and pedantry of the learned. The shaky financial existence of the Danish-language theatre may have led the worried Holberg to write Den danske comoedies liigbegiængelse (1726; “The Burial of Danish Comedy”; Eng. trans. in Jeppe of the Hill and Other Comedies). In 1731 he published his performed comedies and five additional plays and closed the major chapter in his career as a dramatist. (The Danish theatre, having definitively ended a somewhat intermittent existence after the devastating Copenhagen fire of October 1728, reopened in 1747, and he resumed his playwriting, but these plays were never to be as successful as the earlier ones.)

Thereafter, Holberg turned to other forms of writing, notably a satirical novel about an imaginary voyage, Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum (1741; The Journey of Niels Klim to the World Underground). Niels Klim, originally written in Latin and published in Germany (by its Danish publisher, who wished to avoid censorship), was translated into Danish in 1742. It was adapted for Danish television into a feature-length film in 1984. Still Holberg’s most widely read work, it follows his comedies in attacking intolerance and other human follies.

Holberg was the rector of the University of Copenhagen from 1735 to 1736 and its bursar from 1737 to 1751. In 1747 he was made a baron. His fame and reputation rested in part on an international orientation, evinced by his continuing to write in Latin although he was widely feted for his works written in Danish. By making literary use of ideas from other European countries he enriched Danish literature immeasurably, lifting it from its provincial level to a cosmopolitanism equal to that of other west European countries. As the critic Sven Rossel indicated, Holberg added great flexibility and expressiveness to the Danish language while developing universal themes particularized in his portrayal of human idiosyncracies. His witty satire, his sympathy for women, and his interest in social reform undoubtedly contributed to the admiration felt for him by Henrik Ibsen. Niels Klim has been referred to as “a Danish Gulliver’s Travels.”