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Louis (born Oct. 31, 1838, Lisbon—died Oct. 19, 1889, Cascais, Port.) was the king of Portugal whose reign (1861–89), in contrast to the first half of the century, saw the smooth operation of the constitutional system, the completion of the railway network, the adoption of economic and political reforms, and the modernization of many aspects of Portuguese life. The second son of Queen Maria II and her consort, Ferdinand II, Louis succeeded on the early...