Liu Zhiji

Chinese historian

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June 30, 2026

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Liu Zhiji (661–721 CE) was a pivotal figure in Chinese historiography, known for his comprehensive work, the Shitong ("Historical Perspectives"). This work is considered the first systematic treatise on historical criticism in any language.1

Liu Zhiji emphasized a rigorous, Confucian approach to history, believing its purpose was to record merit and ensure lasting fame. He advocated for skepticism towards sources, independence from established scholars, extensive knowledge before selection, and evidence-based arguments. His maxims continue to influence aspiring historians.1

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historiography
China
By about 710 ce, however, Liu Zhiji (661–721) had produced the Shitong (“Historical Perspectives”), the first comprehensive work on historical criticism in any language. For him, the writing of history had an exalted—and very Confucian—mission:
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By about 710 ce, however, Liu Zhiji (661–721) had produced the Shitong (“Historical Perspectives”), the first comprehensive work on historical criticism in any language. For him, the writing of history had an exalted—and very Confucian—mission:
Read More