Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky

Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (born March 31 [March 19, Old Style], 1882, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire—died Oct. 28, 1969, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.) was a Russian critic and writer of children’s literature, often considered the first modern Russian writer for children.

Chukovsky grew up in impoverished circumstances. In 1901 he began working for the newspaper Odesskiye Novosti (“Odessa News”); he spent two years in London as its foreign correspondent. He later adopted the pen name Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky as a critic for the popular St. Petersburg newspaper Rech (“Speech”) and in articles written for the Symbolist magazine Vesy (“Libra,” or “Scales”). His works of criticism—among them Ot Chekhova do nashikh dney (1908; “From Chekhov to Our Times”), Kriticheskiye rasskazy (1911; “Critical Stories”), and Litsa i maski (1914; “Faces and Masks”)—demonstrate Chukovsky’s incisive mind, his superb control of style, and his ability to analyze a writer’s work with the utmost precision. Notwithstanding his slight tendency toward caricature, his characterizations catch the essential traits of the writers discussed in these works. His writings on the history of literature, where he was constrained to a stricter and more academic style, were less original.

Chukovsky also made widely popular translations from English into Russian of works by Walt Whitman, Oscar Wilde, Rudyard Kipling, O. Henry, and Mark Twain, among others. He detailed his theories of translation in Vysokoye iskusstvo (“High Art”; Eng. trans. The Art of Translation), on which he worked from 1919 until its publication in 1964.

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Chukovsky is best known in Russia for his children’s books. Among his best-known are the verse tales Krokodil (1916; Crocodile), Moydodyr (1923; Wash ’Em Clean), Tarakanishche (1923; “The Giant Roach”; Eng. trans. Cock-the-Roach), and Mukha-tsokotukha (1924; “Fly-a-Buzz-Buzz”; Eng. trans. Little Fly So Sprightly, or Buzzy-Wuzzy Busy Fly). Chukovsky also wrote about child psychology and children’s language in Malenkiye deti (later titled Ot dvukh do pyati; From Two to Five), which, after its initial publication in 1928, went through more than 20 printings.

Although toward the end of his life Chukovsky won favour with the Soviet government (he was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1962), he was not a Communist Party writer. Because he wrote about Boris Pasternak and Anna Akhmatova, both officially censured authors, and supported Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, he had to face many attacks by critics and party officials. He also kept in his archives manuscripts of writers whose work was suppressed during the Soviet era. The diary he kept during the period 1930–69 was not published in Russia until 1994, after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Lidiya Korneyevna Chukovskaya, Chukovsky’s daughter, was an author and memoirist who played a major role in the Soviet dissident movement.