Kenneth Anger

Kenneth Anger (born February 3, 1927, Santa Monica, California, U.S.—died May 11, 2023, Yucca Valley, California) was an American independent filmmaker known for pioneering the use of jump cuts and popular music soundtracks in his movies, which centre on transgressive homoerotic and occult subjects.

(Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.)

Anglemyer became interested in film at an early age. He claimed that his grandmother was a costume designer for silent films and that he had a small role in Max Reinhardt’s version of A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1935). His grandmother, however, was an interior designer, and some questioned whether he appeared in Reinhardt’s film. He was known later in life as an avid self-mythologizer.

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After graduating from Beverly Hills High School, he directed and starred in his first successful film, Fireworks (1947), shot at his parents’ home while they were away. The brief movie featured Anglemyer as a young man who fantasizes about and is then abused by a group of sailors. (Anglemyer credited himself as Anger and later as Kenneth Anger.) The overt homoerotic content of the film led to the conviction on obscenity charges of the owner of a Los Angeles theatre that showed it in 1957, though the conviction was overturned in 1959. Fireworks attracted the attention of sex researcher Alfred Kinsey, whom Anger introduced to the underground gay scene in Los Angeles.

In 1950 Anger moved to Paris, where he joined the circle of French writers Jean Cocteau and Anaïs Nin and worked for the Cinémathèque Française, the French film archive and screening centre. While in Europe, Anger made La Lune des lapins (filmed 1950 and released 1972; Rabbit’s Moon), which featured a Pierrot figure wandering the woods and pining for the Moon. Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome (1954) was a kaleidoscopic montage of performers, including Nin, in the guise of various deities. Those themes, reflective of Anger’s adherence to the mystical teachings of British occultist Aleister Crowley, would pervade much of his later work. Anger defined himself as a pagan and devotee of Lucifer, though he rejected the notion that he was a Satanist. Because his films were so experimental—almost exclusively without dialogue and rarely more than 30 minutes in length—Anger often found it challenging to fund his projects. He was supported at various points by British American philanthropist J. Paul Getty, Jr., and French fashion designer Agnès B.

Anger returned to the United States to shoot his hallmark film, Scorpio Rising (1963), a pastiche of homoerotic images of a motorcycle gang in New York City that was set to effervescent pop tunes. It is considered likely the first film to use such music as a score. A theatre manager in Los Angeles who showed the film was convicted of obscenity; the verdict was overturned on appeal. Anger followed with Kustom Kar Kommandos (1965), a three-minute movie about car culture in California; the latter two films formed an uneven diptych of fetishized American masculinity.

Invocation of My Demon Brother (1969) featured scenes of occult practice mixed with documentary footage and rock-and-roll performances; its synthesizer soundtrack was composed and performed by Mick Jagger. The film was created from footage not used in Anger’s next major endeavour, Lucifer Rising, which was released as a rough cut in 1972 and in its final version in 1980. Shot in Egypt, England, and Germany at sites of historical sun worship, it featured singer and actress Marianne Faithful as a demonic Lilith. Both films also included Bobby Beausoleil, a follower of Charles Manson who was convicted in 1971 of the 1969 murder of Gary Hinman. Anger continually revised his oeuvre and ultimately called the finished films up to that point The Magick Lantern Cycle. He entered a fallow period of some 20 years about 1980.

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Among Anger’s later works are Don’t Smoke That Cigarette (1999), an antismoking film; Mouse Heaven (2004), comprising shots of various Mickey Mouse figurines; My Surfing Lucifer (2009), which fetishizes surfer imagery; and Foreplay (2008), which depicts soccer players warming up. Elliott’s Suicide (2007) is an elegy for singer Elliott Smith, who committed suicide in 2003. Ich Will! (2008; “I Want!”) consists of spliced-together Nazi propaganda footage.

Clips and stills of Anger’s work toured extensively as art installations. He received a major retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art’s P.S. 1 in New York City in 2009. His collection of Hollywood memorabilia also toured as an exhibit. Anger wrote two books on Hollywood scandals, many of which were thought to be fabricated or, at least, heavily embroidered. The first, Hollywood Babylone (1959; Hollywood Babylon), was initially published in France because of concerns about libel lawsuits in the United States and was not widely released there until 1975. The sequel is Hollywood Babylon II (1984). He is the subject of the 2006 documentary Anger Me.