Jean-Claude Juncker

Jean-Claude Juncker (born December 9, 1954, Redange-sur-Attert, Luxembourg) is a Luxembourgian politician who served as prime minister of Luxembourg (1995–2013) and later was president of the European Commission (EC; 2014–19).

Juncker grew up in southern Luxembourg and attended boarding school in Belgium. He joined the Christian Social People’s Party (Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei; CSV) in 1974, and the following year he enrolled at the University of Strasbourg, France. In 1979 he earned a law degree and was named parliamentary secretary for the CSV. He received his first government post in 1982, when he was named secretary of state for employment and social security under CSV Prime Minister Pierre Werner. Juncker was elected to the legislature in 1984, and he was appointed to the cabinet of Prime Minister Jacques Santer as labour minister. In 1989 he was named finance minister and took a seat on the board of governors of the World Bank. He was elected chairman of the CSV in January 1990, and throughout 1991–92 he served as one of the chief architects and proponents of the Maastricht Treaty, the foundational document for the European Union.

When Santer became president of the EC in January 1995, Juncker succeeded him as prime minister. Juncker’s term in office was characterized by robust economic performance—Luxembourg boasted a per capita GDP that was among the world’s highest—and he remained a prominent fixture in the upper echelons of European politics. His government collapsed in 2013 when it was revealed that Luxembourg’s intelligence service had engaged in widespread abuses, including bribery and the unauthorized surveillance of political figures.

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From 2005 to 2013 Juncker helmed the Eurogroup—a body consisting of the finance ministers from all of the euro-zone countries. In that role he helped shape the response to the sovereign debt crisis that had crippled economies within the euro zone beginning in 2009. In March 2014 the centre-right European People’s Party (EPP) selected Juncker to succeed José Manuel Barroso as president of the EC. Juncker was an ardent proponent of greater European integration, and his nomination was championed by German Chancellor Angela Merkel. However, British Prime Minister David Cameron, spurred by a strong Euroskeptic current within both his own Conservative Party and the United Kingdom Independence Party, led a concerted effort to oppose Juncker’s candidacy. Over the objections of Cameron and Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban, Juncker was approved for the EU’s top job on June 27, and he was officially elected to the position by the European Parliament on July 15.

When Juncker took office on November 1, he was confronted with the myriad challenges facing the EU, including a sluggish economy, a Russian-backed insurgency in Ukraine, and welling Euroskeptic sentiment that called into question the very purpose of the EU. He also faced accusations from Euroskeptic members of Parliament, who claimed that Juncker had orchestrated a tax-avoidance scheme involving hundreds of multinational companies during his tenure as prime minister of Luxembourg; Juncker denied the allegations.

Following a series of terrorist attacks in Europe, Juncker in 2016 called for the creation of an EU security union. The issue which would dominate Juncker’s five-year term, however, was Brexit, the anticipated departure of the United Kingdom from the EU. In March 2017 British Prime Minister Theresa May invoked Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, signaling her country’s intention to split from the EU. May would spend the next two years trying to craft an exit plan that would meet the approval of both the EU and the British Parliament. She succeeded on the first count but failed three times on the second, and she eventually resigned without having concluded an exit agreement. Hoping to avoid a “no-deal Brexit” that would immediately sever many significant links between Britain and the EU, the EU granted several extensions to the original March 2019 Brexit deadline. When Juncker’s term ended in December 2019, the Brexit issue had still not been resolved, and the outgoing president characterized the entire matter as a “waste of time and energy.”