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Immanuel M. Wallerstein

American author

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Immanuel Wallerstein was an American sociologist and historian known for his world-systems theory. He proposed that the world economy is a single, expanding capitalist system that has been developing since the 17th century.12

Wallerstein categorized countries within this system into three tiers:
* Core countries: Wealthy and powerful nations, such as the United States and Japan.2
* Semi-peripheral countries: Nations with intermediate economic status, like Brazil and China.2
* Peripheral countries: Poorer, less-developed nations, often in Africa and Asia.2

His theory suggests that core countries enrich themselves at the expense of peripheral ones, creating a global division of labor. This perspective contrasts with modernization theories, which suggest development will eventually spread globally.213

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