• Homerids
• Geography of Homer’s Odyssey

  / Mapping Odysseus’s Epic Voyage
• classical scholarship

  / Beginnings
• classical scholarship

  / Classical scholarship in the 20th century
• Odyssey

  / A Reader’s Guide to Homer’s Epic
• Aeneas
• Middle Eastern religion

  / General considerations

• education

  / Origins
• Greek religion

  / The roots of Greek religion
• Greek religion

  / Religious art and iconography

• history of the blind

  / The blind in the ancient world
• Troy

  / The Trojan War

• James Joyce

  / Ulysses of James Joyce
• William Shakespeare

  / The problem plays
• Strabo
• Virgil

  / Literary career

• epic formula
• epithet
• in medias res
• Ionic dialect

Greek text

Greek texts are published in Martin L. West (ed.), Homeri Ilias, 2 vol., with an introduction in Latin (1998–2000); Peter von der Mühll (ed.), Odyssea, 3rd ed. (1962, reissued 2005); and Helmut van Thiel (ed.), Homeri Ilias (1996), and Homeri Odyssea (1991).

Translations

The Elizabethan translation by George Chapman, made famous by John Keats in the sonnet, “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer” (1816), is available in a modern edition ed. by Allardyce Nicoll, Chapman’s Homer, 2 vol. (1956, reissued 1998–2000). Also available are Alexander Pope’s classic translations (The Iliad [1715–20]; The Odyssey, with William Broome and Elijah Fenton [1725–26]): The Iliad of Homer, ed. by Steven Shankman (1996); and The Odyssey of Homer, ed. by Maynard Mack, 2 vol. (1967, reissued 1993).

The standard close modern translations are Richmond Lattimore (trans.), The Iliad of Homer (1951, reissued 1997), and The Odyssey of Homer (1967, reissued 1991); and Walter Shewring (trans.), The Odyssey (1980, reissued 1998). Martin Hamilton, The Iliad (1987), is a reliable prose translation. The prose translations (with Greek texts) in The Loeb Classical Library series are A.T. Murray (trans.), The Iliad, 2 vol., rev. by William F. Wyatt (1999), and The Odyssey, 2 vol., rev. by George E. Dimock (1995).

Modern verse translations include the loose but powerful versions by Robert Fitzgerald (trans.), The Iliad (1974, reissued 2004), and The Odyssey (1961, reissued 2001). Other well-regarded verse translations include Allen Mandelbaum (trans.), The Odyssey of Homer (1990, reissued 2003); Robert Fagles (trans.), The Iliad, with introduction and notes by Bernard Knox (1990, reissued 2004), and The Odyssey of Homer (1999); and Stanley Lombardo (trans.), Iliad (1997), and Odyssey (2000), both also available in a single-volume abridged edition, The Essential Homer (2000).

Commentaries

Important commentaries include G.S. Kirk et al. (eds.), The Iliad: A Commentary, 6 vol. (1985–93); M.M. Willcock (ed.), The Iliad of Homer, Books I–XII (1978), and The Iliad of Homer, Books XIII–XXIV (1984); Alfred Heubeck et al., A Commentary on Homer’s Odyssey, 3 vol. (1988–92); and R.D. Dawe, The Odyssey: Translation and Analysis (1993).

Critical studies

Works treating Homer and the epics critically include W.A. Camps, An Introduction to Homer (1980); Jasper Griffin, Homer (1980), and Homer on Life and Death (1980); Howard Clarke, Homer’s Readers: A Historical Introduction to the Iliad and the Odyssey (1981); Norman Austin, Archery at the Dark of the Moon: Poetic Problems in Homer’s Odyssey (1975); James M. Redfield, Nature and Culture in the Iliad: The Tragedy of Hector (1975); M.I. Finley, The World of Odysseus, 2nd rev. ed. (1977); G.S. Kirk, The Songs of Homer (1962, reprinted 1977), also available in an abridged edition, Homer and the Epic (1965, reissued 1985); Albert B. Lord, The Singer of Tales (1960, reissued 1978); T.B.L. Webster, From Mycenae to Homer (1958, reprinted 1977); and Milman Parry, The Making of Homeric Verse, ed. by Adam Parry (1971, reissued 1987).

More-recent critical studies are Mark W. Edwards, Homer: Poet of the Iliad (1987); Bruce Louden, The Odyssey: Structure, Narration, and Meaning (1999), and The Iliad: Structure, Myth, and Meaning (2006); Carol Dougherty, The Raft of Odysseus: The Ethnographic Imagination of Homer’s Odyssey (2001); Elizabeth Minchin, Homer and the Resources of Memory: Some Applications of Cognitive Theory to the Iliad and the Odyssey (2001); James Morrison, A Companion to Homer’s Odyssey (2003); and Irene J.F. de Jong, Narrators and Focalizers: The Presentation of the Story in the Iliad, 2nd ed. (2004).

Essay collections include Seth L. Schein (ed.), Reading the Odyssey (1996); G.M. Wright and P.V. Jones (trans.), Homer: German Scholarship in Translation (1997); Ian McAuslan and Peter Walcot (eds.), Homer (1998); and Douglas L. Cairns (ed.), Oxford Readings in Homer’s Iliad (2001).