…second Arab army, commanded by Ḥassān ibn al-Nuʿmān, was dispatched from Egypt in 693. It faced stiff resistance in the eastern Aurès Mountains from the Jawāra Berbers, who were commanded by a woman whom the Arabs referred to as Kāhinah (al-Kāhinah, “the Priestess”). After Kāhinah was defeated in 698, Ibn…
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