Hashim Thaçi

Hashim Thaçi (born April 24, 1968, Broćna, Yugoslavia [now Burojë, Kosovo]) is a Kosovar rebel leader and politician who served as the prime minister (2008–14) and president (2016–20) of Kosovo. Just weeks after assuming the premiership, he oversaw Kosovo’s declaration of independence from Serbia.

Early life and membership in the Kosovo Liberation Army

Thaçi was born in the Drenica valley, west of Pristina in Kosovo, then a part of the Serbian republic in Yugoslavia. Like the majority of Kosovo’s residents, he was ethnically Albanian. Thaçi studied philosophy and history at the University of Pristina and enrolled as a graduate student at the University of Zürich, in Switzerland, where he studied Balkan history and international relations. In Pristina and Zürich he was active among Kosovar political groups, and he cofounded the People’s Movement of Kosovo organization. As Yugoslavia disintegrated into civil war in the early 1990s, Kosovo, historically restive under Serbian rule, became the birthplace of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), an ethnically Albanian guerrilla movement fighting to end Serbian control of the province and to gain independence for Kosovo. Some analysts believed that the KLA was created by the People’s Movement of Kosovo to serve as the group’s paramilitary wing.

Thaçi was known as “the Snake” and allegedly was involved in organized crime, including prostitution operations within the province and arms, oil, and cigarette smuggling. He purportedly secured financing for the KLA’s training and arms and reputedly engaged in a number of violent attacks in Kosovo. Thaçi allegedly ordered the assassination of other potential Kosovar political leaders and military commanders. In July 1997 the District Court of Pristina sentenced Thaçi in absentia to 10 years in prison for “criminal acts of terrorism.”

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Although several Western governments had named the KLA a terrorist organization in 1997, the West’s perception of the group changed as Serbian and Yugoslav authorities cracked down on dissent in Kosovo in 1998–99. During this fighting, known as the Kosovo conflict, the KLA became viewed as a resistance-liberation movement, with Thaçi as its leader. At diplomatic talks in Rambouillet, France, in February 1999, Thaçi gained recognition as the leader of the Kosovar negotiating team. He thus marginalized Ibrahim Rugova, the architect of Kosovo’s independence drive and the president of the Kosovar government in exile since 1992. As negotiations continued, Western diplomats came to see Thaçi as a “voice of reason,” and he emerged from the final diplomatic settlement not only as the leader of the strongest faction within a sharply divided KLA but also as the Kosovar political leader with the greatest influence. Yugoslavia refused to sign the peace accords, however, and the conflict continued until air strikes carried out by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization forced the withdrawal of Yugoslav troops from Kosovo in June 1999.

Political life and leadership of Kosovo

Thereafter, Kosovo came under the administration of the United Nations, and Rugova, who was reelected president of Kosovo in 2002 and 2004, regained his prominence. Yet Thaçi, as the head of his Democratic Party of Kosovo (Partia Demokratike e Kosovës; PDK), continued to develop as a politician, and, after Rugova’s death in January 2006, Thaçi’s popularity was virtually unrivaled. On January 9, 2008, he was elected prime minister of Kosovo by a majority vote in the national assembly. The following month, on February 17, Kosovo declared its independence.

As prime minister, Thaçi immediately faced the task of gaining international recognition of Kosovo’s independence. The United States and several European countries quickly granted recognition, but Serbia, Russia, and a number of other countries did not. On the domestic front, organized crime remained a chief concern, and the unemployment rate exceeded 40 percent. In addition, Thaçi was unable to convince the country’s Serbs—and other minority groups, such as Roma and Turks—that Kosovo was not only home to the Albanian majority but their home as well.

In November 2009 Kosovo held local elections—its first since independence—and, although many Serbs boycotted, a victorious Thaçi cited the peaceful outcome of the polling as proof of Kosovo’s commitment to democracy. The Council of Europe issued a report in 2010 accusing Thaçi of heading an organ-trafficking ring during the Kosovo conflict, but he denied the charges, and no indictment was brought against him. Thaçi lost a parliamentary vote of confidence in November of that year, but he was able to form a new government after a strong performance by the PDK in snap elections.

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Although Kosovo continued to face high unemployment and widespread poverty, Thaçi oversaw a steady increase in the country’s gross domestic product. He also helmed discussions, begun in March 2011, aimed at normalizing relations with Serbia. Those talks were ultimately successful in April 2013: while Serbia stopped short of recognizing Kosovo’s independence, it conceded Pristina’s de facto authority over the region. After parliamentary elections in June 2014 resulted in a six-month deadlock, Thaçi and Isa Mustafa, leader of the Democratic League of Kosovo (Lidhja Demokratike e Kosovës; LDK), reached a power-sharing agreement. Mustafa became prime minister in December 2014, and Thaçi served in his cabinet as deputy prime minister and foreign minister. The two parties also agreed that Thaçi would become president at the conclusion of Atifete Jahjaga’s term in 2016. Amid opposition protests, Thaçi was elected president in April 2016.

Presidency and war crimes trial

As president, Thaçi worked toward a final peace settlement with Serbia, and in 2018 he traveled to Washington, D.C., in an effort to secure the support of U.S. Pres. Donald Trump in restarting the stalled negotiations. The Trump administration organized a White House summit between Thaçi and Serbian Pres. Aleksandar Vučić, but in June 2020, just days before the meeting was to take place, Thaçi was indicted for war crimes by a special tribunal in the Netherlands. On November 5, 2020, Thaçi resigned as president after an independent judge of the Kosovo Specialist Chambers deemed the charges against him credible.

Thaçi’s trial began on April 3, 2023, at The Hague, and he was prosecuted alongside three other KLA leaders for “unlawfully intimidating, mistreating, committing violence against, and removing those deemed to be opponents” of the KLA between March 1998 and September 1999. On September 16, 2026, he was found guilty on four counts of war crimes (arbitrary detention, cruel treatment, torture, and murder), but he was found not guilty of crimes against humanity. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison, with credit given for time already served.