George Villiers, 2nd duke of Buckingham

George Villiers, 2nd duke of Buckingham (born January 30, 1628, London, England—died April 16, 1687, Kirkby Moorside, Yorkshire) was an English politician, a leading member of King Charles II’s inner circle of ministers known as the Cabal. Although he was brilliant and colourful, Buckingham’s pleasure-seeking, capricious personality prevented him from exercising a decisive influence in King Charles’s government.

His father, the 1st duke of Buckingham, was the closest adviser and friend of King Charles I (ruled 1625–49). After the assassination of his father in 1628, George was brought up in Charles’s family, where he became a constant companion of the king’s son, Prince Charles. When the prince was proclaimed King Charles II in 1649—following the execution of Charles I by Parliament—Buckingham joined his cause and fought beside him at Worcester (September 1651) in an abortive attempt to gain the English throne. The two men then took separate paths into exile.

Buckingham returned illegally to England in 1657 and was imprisoned by the Commonwealth government until February 1659. After the restoration of Charles II to the throne in 1660, he became a gentleman of the bedchamber and a privy councillor. Soon he was leading the opposition to Charles’s lord chancellor Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon. Buckingham’s brawling behaviour and intrigues resulted in his brief imprisonment in 1667; he was released in time to help bring about Clarendon’s downfall.

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In the Cabal ministry that followed, Buckingham at first had great influence with the king, but he lost out in a power struggle with the secretary of state Henry Bennet, earl of Arlington. Although Buckingham supported the alliance with France, Charles and Arlington never told him of their intention to use French troops to restore Catholicism to England. Nevertheless, in 1674 Parliament had Buckingham dismissed from his posts for alleged Catholic sympathies. For a while he sided with the opposition leader, Anthony Ashley Cooper, earl of Shaftesbury. In 1681, very near financial ruin, he withdrew to his Yorkshire estates.

Buckingham’s satirical play The Rehearsal, first performed in 1671, was a successful parody of contemporary drama. John Dryden portrayed the duke as “A man so various, that he seem’d to be/Not one, but all Mankind’s Epitome.”