George Orwell: References & Edit History
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Additional Reading
Peter Davison (ed.), Complete Works of George Orwell, 20 vol. (1986–98), contains all of the author’s writings. Two authorized biographies of Orwell are Michael Shelden, Orwell (1991, reissued 2006); and Bernard Crick, George Orwell: A Life, new ed. (1992). Other biographies are Gordon Bowker, Inside George Orwell (2003); D.J. Taylor, Orwell (2003); and Robert Colls, George Orwell: English Rebel (2013). Two important biographical works are Peter Stansky and William Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell (1972), and Orwell: The Transformation (1979); both were published in one volume in 1994.
Critical studies include George Woodcock, The Crystal Spirit (1966, reprinted 2005); John Atkins, George Orwell: A Literary Study, new ed. (1971); Richard Rees, George Orwell: Fugitive from the Camp of Victory (1961); Robert A. Lee, Orwell’s Fiction (1969); Keith Alldritt, The Making of George Orwell: An Essay in Literary History (1969); Raymond Williams (compiler), George Orwell: A Collection of Critical Essays (1974); and Alex Zwerdling, Orwell and the Left (1974). Jeffrey Meyers (ed.), George Orwell: The Critical Heritage (1975); Harold Bloom (ed.), George Orwell, updated ed. (2007); Graham Holderness, Bryan Loughrey, and Nahem Yousaf (eds.), George Orwell (1998); and John Rodden (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell (2007), are useful collections of critical essays. John Rodden, George Orwell: The Politics of Literary Reputation, rev. ed. (2002), analyzes the development of his reputation. Daphne Patai, The Orwell Mystique: A Study in Male Ideology (1989), offers a persuasive critique of Orwell’s work from a feminist perspective, and Sylvia Topp, Eileen: The Making of George Orwell (2020), is a biography of his first wife and her influence on his writing. Roger Fowler, The Language of George Orwell (1995), examines Orwell’s practice of language. Christopher Hitchens, Why Orwell Matters (also published as Orwell’s Victory, 2002), is a polemical defense of Orwell’s continuing relevance. By travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux, Burma Sahib (2024), is a fictional account of Orwell’s days with the Indian Imperial Police.
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Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Add new Web site: Literary Devices - George Orwell. | Oct 25, 2026 | ||
| Added media. | Sep 15, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Open university - OpenLearn - Orwells route to Nineteen Eighty-Four. | Jul 30, 2026 | ||
| Anniversary information added. | Jun 21, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: ABC listen - Late Night Live - George Orwell and Evelyn Waugh. | May 13, 2026 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised and updated. | Apr 17, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Online Library of Liberty - Beyond the Hate: George Orwells 1984. | Jan 19, 2026 | ||
| Anniversary information added. | Jan 17, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: ABC listen - Nightlife - George Orwells relevance today. | Jul 31, 2025 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Feb 07, 2025 | ||
| Added a cross-reference. | Nov 06, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: UNESCO - George Orwell, a "Tory anarchist". | Oct 29, 2024 | ||
| Added cross-references and updated to reflect contemporary spellings. | Jun 03, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Historic UK - George Orwell. | May 06, 2024 | ||
| First paragraph modernization. | Mar 29, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: The National Endowment for the Humanities - George Orwell, Outdoorsman. | Sep 05, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - George Orwell. | Nov 08, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction - George Orwell. | Aug 20, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: British Library - Biography of George Orwell. | Apr 20, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Famous Authors - George Orwell. | Feb 05, 2021 | ||
| Media added. | Apr 10, 2020 | ||
| Noted that Orwell attended Wellington briefly before studying at Eton. | Mar 08, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Facts about Famous People - George Orwell Facts and Biography. | Feb 06, 2019 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Jan 03, 2018 | ||
| Media added. | Sep 24, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of The Orwell Foundation. | May 18, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Fort Bend School Disctrict - Biography of George Orwell. | May 18, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Fort Bend School Disctrict - Biography of George Orwell. | May 18, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of The Orwell Foundation. | May 18, 2015 | ||
| Article revised. | Mar 26, 2015 | ||
| Bibliography revised and updated. | Mar 26, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: eBook at the University of Adelaide - George Orwell, 1903-1950. | Apr 23, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Literature Network - Biography of George Orwell. | Feb 12, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: ILoveIndia.com - Biography of George Orwell. | Sep 16, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: The History Guide - Biography of George Orwell. | Feb 17, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: Pegasos - Biography of George Orwell. | Dec 08, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Fact Monster - People - Biography of George Orwell. | Dec 08, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Spartacus Educational - Biography of George Orwell. | Dec 08, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Marxists Internet Archive - Biography of George Orwell. | Dec 08, 2011 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Nov 10, 2006 | ||
| Bibliography revised. | Nov 10, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of George Orwell. | Jul 18, 2006 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | May 04, 1999 |