François-Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duke de Luxembourg

François-Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duke de Luxembourg (born Jan. 8, 1628, Paris, Fr.—died Jan. 4, 1695, Versailles) was one of King Louis XIV’s most successful generals in the Dutch War (1672–78) and the War of the Grand Alliance (1689–97).

The posthumous son of François de Montmorency-Bouteville, he was reared by a distant relative, Charlotte de Montmorency, princesse de Condé. Although Bouteville was hunchbacked and physically weak, the princesse’s son Louis II de Bourbon, prince de Condé (later known as the Great Condé), prepared him for a military career. In 1648 he distinguished himself fighting under Condé against the Spanish at the Battle of Lens. In 1650, during the second phase of the aristocratic uprising known as the Fronde (1648–53), Bouteville joined Condé’s supporters in a revolt against Cardinal Jules Mazarin, who controlled the government of the young king Louis XIV. The uprising collapsed in 1653, and Bouteville then entered the Spanish army. He was pardoned and permitted to return to France in 1659. Through his marriage to an heiress, he acquired the title Duke de Luxembourg two years later. Condé procured a commission for him as lieutenant general in 1668.

When Louis XIV invaded the United Provinces of the Netherlands in June 1672, Luxembourg was sent to command an army in the electorate of Cologne. In the winter of 1672 he was assigned to hold the captured Dutch city of Utrecht. The French position in Holland deteriorated rapidly, and in late 1673 the duke executed a masterful retreat from Utrecht in the face of the numerically superior forces of William of Orange. He was created a marshal of France in July 1675 and given command of the Army of the Rhine the following year. After being forced to surrender Philippsburg to Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, Luxembourg took revenge by devastating part of Flanders in 1677–78. On Aug. 14, 1678, he defeated William of Orange at Saint-Denis, near Mons, in a victory that brought him more criticism then honours, since it took place four days after the conclusion of peace.

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By the time Luxembourg returned to Paris, his name had been associated with the scandals that developed into the sensational criminal case known as the Affair of the Poisons. In March 1679 Louis XIV had him imprisoned on a charge of sorcery; on his acquittal 14 months later he was exiled from Paris and Versailles. Recalled to court as captain of the king’s guards in 1681, Luxembourg was made commander in chief of the royal armies shortly after France went to war with the other major European powers in 1689. He prevented an invasion of France by crushing the army of George Frederick, prince of Waldeck, at Fleurus, in the Spanish Netherlands, on July 1, 1690. During the next four years Luxembourg consistently outmaneuvered his major opponent, William of Orange, who had ascended the English throne as King William III. The duke took Mons in April 1691, covered the successful siege of Namur from May to July 1692, and defeated William in major battles at Steenkerke (Aug. 3, 1692) and Neerwinden (July 29, 1693). He sent so many captured flags to be hung in the cathedral in Paris that wits called him the tapissier (“upholsterer”) of Notre Dame. In 1694 he returned in high honour to Versailles, where he died.