Faure Gnassingbé

Faure Gnassingbé (born June 6, 1966, Afagnan, Togo) is a businessman and politician who has led Togo since 2005, first as president (May 2005–May 2025), then as president of the council (May 2025– ), the latter being a powerful executive role, similar to that of prime minister, which was created by the country’s 2024 constitution.

Early life and education

A year after Gnassingbé’s birth, his father, Étienne Eyadéma (who later took the name Gnassingbé Eyadéma), seized power in Togo during a military coup. As the son of the country’s leader, Gnassingbé enjoyed a certain level of privilege. He was educated in Paris at the Sorbonne (part of the Universities of Paris I–XIII), where he studied economics and international relations. He also earned a master’s degree in business administration from George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Returning to Togo, he became involved in the management of his family’s business affairs, serving as a financial adviser to his father.

Entry into politics

Many observers felt that Gnassingbé was being groomed to succeed his father as president. In June 2002 Gnassingbé ran for parliament as a member of the ruling Rally of the Togolese People (Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais; RPT), and he won a seat from the city of Blitta. Later his father appointed him minister of telecommunications, mines, and equipment. The only one of Eyadéma’s many sons to enter politics, Gnassingbé was viewed as a quiet, calm figure who was trusted by the military. At the end of 2002, the constitution was amended to lower the eligibility age for the presidency from 40 to 35 (Gnassingbé was 36), and in 2003 the management of presidential elections was transferred from an independent commission to the Ministry of the Interior.

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Presidency

When Gnassingbé’s father died in February 2005, the military named him as the successor. International leaders denounced the move as a coup, in violation of Togo’s 1992 constitution, so Gnassingbé stepped down and agreed to a democratic election, which was held in April. He won and on May 4 was officially installed as president. Gnassingbé’s accession to the post, however, was accompanied by violent opposition protests that left hundreds of people dead or injured, and several thousand Togolese fled the country in fear of political persecution. Despite finding isolated irregularities, the official delegation from the Economic Community of West African States declared the elections free and fair, and the Constitutional Court rejected the claims of opposition leaders that Gnassingbé’s victory at the polls had been rigged.

Upon taking the oath of office in 2005, Gnassingbé pledged to work toward “development, the common good, peace, and national unity” in Togo. His initial effort at forming a coalition government with the country’s main opposition party failed in June, although Gnassingbé later sought to reopen talks. After months of negotiations, in August 2006 he signed an agreement with opposition groups providing for their inclusion in a new government. Gnassingbé also sought warmer relations with the European Union (EU) in hopes of restoring the Western aid that had been curtailed in 1993 over concerns about human rights violations in Togo, and in November 2007 the EU agreed to resume full economic cooperation with the country. Gnassingbé was allegedly the target of a coup plot in 2009, said to be orchestrated in part by his half brother and former defense minister, Kpatcha, and another half brother, Essolizam, along with senior military officials and others. In 2011 Kpatcha was found guilty and sentenced to 20 years in prison, while Essolizam was acquitted.

Gnassingbé, as the RPT candidate, was reelected to the presidency by a wide margin in March 2010. International observers, while noting some procedural problems, still deemed the elections to be largely free and fair, although the main opposition group, the Union of Forces of Change (Union des Forces du Changement; UFC), disputed the outcome. In May the RPT-led government reached an agreement with the UFC that provided for their participation in the new government; the decision, however, was not universally accepted within the UFC and led to a rift that eventually saw a faction leaving to form a new party.

In 2012 the RPT was dissolved, and soon thereafter Gnassingbé formed a new party, the Union for the Republic (Union pour la République; UNIR). Many RPT members were part of the UNIR, and it replaced the RPT as the ruling party. The UNIR won a majority of National Assembly seats in the 2013 elections, and in the next year legislation that would have limited a president from serving more than two terms was blocked in the National Assembly. In the run-up to the April 25, 2015, presidential election, Gnassingbé was chosen as the UNIR candidate. He was reelected with almost 59 percent of the vote.

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Gnassingbé and his administration faced significant unrest in the form of a series of protests that began in August 2017. The issue of presidential term limits was again at the fore, with protestors demanding a two-term limit to be implemented and applied retroactively, and some protestors called for Gnassingbé to step down. The organizers of the protests, a group of opposition parties that came together to form the Coalition of 14 (C14), had other demands as well, including the implementation of a two-round presidential election system. Although the government did agree to hold a referendum on implementing a limit of two presidential terms, the limit would not be applied retroactively, leaving Gnassingbé with the opportunity to potentially serve two additional terms; this was one of the reasons why protests continued into 2018 in spite of mediation efforts. The unrest affected the December 2018 legislative elections, which were boycotted by C14. Unsurprisingly, Gnassingbé’s UNIR and allies won a majority of the seats and, with that, had the necessary majority to pass constitutional amendments without holding a referendum. The National Assembly did just that, passing constitutional amendments in May 2019 that included the reinstatement of the limit of two terms for the president—but without the retroactive clause that protestors had demanded, giving Gnassingbé the option to run in 2020 and 2025, potentially serving as president until 2030.

Gnassingbé did stand in the February 22, 2020, presidential election, facing six other candidates. He was declared the winner, taking more than 70 percent of the vote. His nearest challenger, Agbeyome Kodjo, contested the results with the Constitutional Court, citing allegations of electoral fraud. The court, however, upheld Gnassingbé’s victory.

A new constitution, approved by the National Assembly in April 2024 and promulgated by Gnassingbé the next month, changed Togo’s system of government from a presidential to a parliamentary system, with the transition to be implemented in stages. The constitution introduced a new position, president of the council, to serve as the head of government; this was a powerful post, similar to that of prime minister, that would be conferred upon the leader of the party or coalition that had a majority in the National Assembly, and did not have any term limits.

Legislative elections, which were held in April 2024, saw the UNIR take almost all of the seats in the National Assembly. As the country wrapped up its transition to a parliamentary government, Gnassingbé, as leader of the UNIR, was sworn in as the country’s first president of the council on May 3, 2025. Togo’s opposition criticized the changes ushered in by new constitution, noting it allowed Gnassingbé to remain in power indefinitely, evading the presidential term limits that had been set under the previous constitution.