Euclid: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- algebraThe Pythagoreans and Euclid
- arithmeticFundamental theory
- axiom
- metalogicThe axiomatic method
- Euclidean algorithm
- projective geometryParallel lines and the projection of infinity
- golden ratioHistory
- Greek literatureLate forms of prose
- Hellenistic ageScience and medicine
- Incommensurables
- number theoryEuclid
- lightRay theories in the ancient world
- physical scienceOptics
- number gamePerfect numbers and Mersenne numbers
- perfect number
- prime
- prime number theorem
- twin prime conjecture
Additional Reading
George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, 3 vol. in 5 (1927â48), vol. 1, contains an extensive bibliography up to the 1920s. Thomas L. Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics (1921, reprinted 1993), vol. 1, presents an authoritative survey of Euclidâs works; it can be supplemented by Victor J. Katz, A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, 3rd ed. (2009), whose bibliography refers to most recent treatments of Euclidâs works. Information on Euclid and Platonism is contained in Glenn R. Morrow (trans.), Proclus: A Commentary on the First Book of Euclidâs Elements (1970, reprinted 1992). A recent accessible contribution to the literature is Benno Artmann, Euclid: The Creation of Mathematics (1999, reissued 2012).
Major Works
Euclidâs extant works are collected in Euclidis Opera Omnia, ed. by J.L. Heiberg and H. Menge, 9 vol. (1883â1916), containing the Elementa, Libri IâXIII, Elementorum, Data, Optica, and Phaenomena.
The standard English translation of the Elements is T.L. Heath, The Thirteen Books of Euclidâs Elements, 3 vol., (1908; 2nd ed., rev. with additions, 1926). A restoration of Euclidâs On Divisions is Raymond Clare Archibald, Euclidâs Book on Divisions of Figures (1915). Euclidâs contributions to astronomy are accessible in a recent English translation and commentary by J.L. Berggren and R.S.D. Thomas, Euclidâs Phaenomena (1996).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Contributors
- Michelle K
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
- Vivek Abhinav
- Adam Augustyn
- Patricia Bauer
- Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Yamini Chauhan
- Aakanksha Gaur
- Erik Gregersen
- Parul Jain
- Thinley Kalsang Bhutia
- Gloria Lotha
- John M. Cunningham
- Emily Rodriguez
- Marco Sampaolo
- Gaurav Shukla
- Shiveta Singh
- Amy Tikkanen
- Grace Young
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Invalidated site: Princeton University Press - Who was Euclid? | Sep 05, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Indian Academy of Sciences - Euclid and ÂThe Elements (PDF). | May 12, 2025 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Feb 18, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Academia - Euclid of Alexandria: a Child of the Academy? (PDF). | Jan 17, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Space.com - Who's the Euclid 'dark universe' space telescope named after? | Dec 07, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Princeton University Press - Who was Euclid? | Aug 02, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Washington - Department of Mathematics - Euclid. | Apr 08, 2024 | ||
| First paragraph modernization. | Feb 29, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Gresham College - Euclid. | Nov 07, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Famous Scientists - Euclid. | Aug 14, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Khan Academy - Euclid as the father of geometry. | Aug 22, 2022 | ||
| Added cross-references. | Jan 05, 2021 | ||
| Changed "born c. 300 BCE" to "flourished c. 300 BCE." | May 20, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Famous Mathematicians - Biography of Euclid. | Feb 08, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Famous Scientists - Biography of Euclid. | Feb 08, 2019 | ||
| Changed title of the "Assessment" section to "Legacy." | Nov 15, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Story of Mathematics - Euclid of Alexandria ïżœ The Father of Geometry. | Nov 07, 2017 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Jun 27, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Famous People - Biography of Euclid. | Jun 24, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: World History Encyclopedia - Biography of Euclid. | Jun 24, 2016 | ||
| Bibliography revised and updated. | Dec 10, 2015 | ||
| Corrected dates of Archimedes, Hippocrates of Chios, Hippocrates of Cos, and Eudoxus of Cnidus. | Dec 10, 2015 | ||
| Throughout the article, changed "BC" to "BCE" and "AD" to "CE." |
|
Sep 16, 2014 | |
| Add new Web site: Euclid's Elements. | Mar 04, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Euclid's Elements. | Mar 04, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Biography of Euclid. | Feb 07, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Fact Monster - People - Biography of Euclid. | Dec 21, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: In2Greece - Biography of Euclid. | Dec 21, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Quatr.us - Who was Euclid? | Dec 20, 2011 | ||
| Translator of the Elements corrected from Hunayn ibn Ishaq to his son, Ishaq ibn Hunayn. | Apr 14, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - History - Biography of Euclid of Alexandria. | Nov 12, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive - Biography of Euclid of Alexandria. |
|
Nov 23, 2006 | |
| Media added. | Oct 23, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Online Math Applications - Biography of Euclid. | Aug 18, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Euclid's Elements. | Jun 01, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Apr 28, 2005 | ||
| Article revised. | Dec 14, 2000 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |