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Erdeni was a Manchu nobleman and scholar who, under the direction of Nurhachi, created a Manchu system of writing in 1599. This development laid the foundation for a Manchu national literature. Manchu was the language of the Qing dynasty of China (1644–1911/12) and held official status, with a written form used in official documents. The Manchu language uses a script borrowed from the Mongolian alphabet.123

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